Jonathan_swift

AnIrishwriterHeisamastersatirist;eventodayheisstillregardedasanationalheroinIrelandHeisoneofgreatestmastersofEnglishprose;LiterarypositionFamoussayings•FairLIBERTYwasallhiscry;forherhestoodpreparedtodie.------OntheDeathofDr.SwiftProperwordsinproperplaces,makethetruedefinitionofastyle.JonathanSwift(1667—1745）Lifestoryposthumouschild(遗腹子)aidgrudgingly(unwillingly)atwarwithAuthorities;“specialfavor”Temple’shousehelpthetalentedyoungmanbraindiseaseSwift’sWorks(1)ATaleofaTub(2)TheBattleofBooks《一个木桶的故事》1704《书战》1704intheformofaparable(寓言故事)asatireuponallreligioussectsanattackonChristianityitselfanattackonpedantryintheliteraryworldofthetime(3)Bickerstaff‘Almanac(比克斯塔夫先生的历书)PredictionsfortheYear1708《对1708的预言》(4)VindicationofIsaacBickerstaff《比克斯塔夫先生的辩护》PamphletsonIreland•Swift'spamphletsonIrelandformaveryimportantpartofhisworks.TheyhavenowbecomepartofclassicEnglishliterature.Swift'slifeinIrelandgavehimanintimateknowledgeofthemiserableconditionoftheIrishpeople.Twoofthemostfamousonesare“TheDraper'sLetters”(1724)and“AModestProposal”(1730).SatireAcommonformofthe18thCentury,basicallytheridiculingofanyobjectsthroughlaughterwhichwillsoftentheblowDifferenttypesanddegrees:lightorharshsatire(名)讽刺文学,讽刺讽刺是一种文学手法，用于暴露对象的缺点和可笑之处，常采用夸张或反讽（irony）等方式，从而产生幽默的效果。当然也可以用拙劣模仿,作戏,并列,对比,类似,类推等也经常用于讽刺手法中。如果说反话（反讽）就是讽刺的话，是一个很大的错误。严格来说，讽刺（satire）是一种俗称类型；而反讽（irony）则是一种比较具体的修饰手法Gulliver'sTravelsByJonathanSwiftIntroductionSwift’sgreatestsatireGulliver'sTravels,iswrittenin1726,thebookhasnotlostitssignificancetothepresentdayandcanbejustlyrankedamongthebestnovelofworldliterature.Gulliver’sTravelsservesasabitingsatire,andSwiftensuresthatitisbothhumorousandcritical,constantlyattackingBritishandEuropeansocietythroughitsdescriptionsofimaginarycountries.PlotandMajorCharactersWrittenintheformofatraveljournal,Gulliver'sTravelsisthefictionalaccountoffourextraordinaryvoyagesmadebyLemuelGulliver,aphysicianwhosignsontoserveasaship'ssurgeonwhenheisunabletoprovidehisfamilywithasufficientincomeinLondon.Gullivermakesvoyages,whicharedescribedinthefourpartsofthebook.小人国马国飞岛大人国(5)Gulliver’sTravels《格林佛游记》1726Lilliput(小人国)asatireontheTories&theWhigsBrobdingnag(大人国)asatireonEnglishlordsandladiesFlyingIsland（飞岛）asatireoncorruptedphilosopherscountryofhorses(马岛)asatireontheconflictsofEnglishsocietyandpeopleFirstvoyage---LilliputOntheveryfirstvoyage,Gulliverisshipwrecked.Ofalltheship’screwhealonesurvives.Heswimstotheshoreofastrangeland,inhabitedbyLilliputians,thetallestofwhomissixincheshigh.WhenbendingmyeyesdownwardasmuchasIcould,Iperceivedahumannotsixincheshigh!ThekingoflilliputLittlebylittlehegetsusedtotheirlifeandeventakespartinthewarwiththeneighbouringstateofBlefuseu.Treason叛国罪Majorthemes•Thefirstvoyagehasbeeninterpretedasanallegoricalsatireofthepoliticaleventsoftheearlyeighteenthcentury,acommentaryonthemoralstateofEngland.•ThewarwiththetinyneighboringislandrepresentsEngland‘srivalrybetweenWhigsandTories.Secondvoyage---BrobdingnagGulliverfinallyescapesLilliputandreturnsbrieflytoEnglandbeforeasecondvoyagetakeshimtoBrobdingnag.Whileonshore,Gulliveriscapturedbygiants,eachofwhomisthesizeofawater-tower.Onthewhole,theBrobdingnagiansaregood-naturedcreatures,andtheytreatGulliverkindly,thoughtheyareamusedbyhistinysizeandlookeduponhimasaplaything.GulliverComparewithLilliput,theBrobdingnagianshaveanenlightenedmonarch.Sheofteninterrogates（询问）GulliveronEuropeanaffairs.GulliverabruptlydepartsBrobdingnagwhenagianteaglefliesoffwithhimanddropshimintheocean.Thirdvoyage---LaputaHesoonembarksonhisthirdvoyagetotheflyingislandofLaputaLaputaisamysteriouslandinhabitedbyscientists,magicians,andsorcerers（男巫）whoengageinridiculousexperiment.ThevoyagetoLaputaisascathing（尖刻的）attackuponscienceinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesandrevealsSwift’scontemptanddisdainforabstracttheoryandideologythatisnotofpracticalservicetohuman.MajorthemesTheintellectualsofLaputawerefartoobusyhavinggreatthoughtstobeburdenedwiththechores.Sotheyjustflyingoverlands,collectingBrainTaxesfromthevillagesbelow.Thenbucketswouldbeloweredtobefilledwithfoodanddrinkandwhateverelsetheywant.Finalvoyage---HouyhnhnmOnceagainGulliverreturnstoEnglandbeforeafinaljourney,tothelandoftheHouyhnhnmInthecountryofHouyhnhnmHouyhnhnmHorseYahooInHouyhnhnm’slanguageThereisnoevil,nolie,noillness,nopower,nowar,nogovernment,nolaw,nopunishmentandthousandsofotherthingsthatexistsinoursociety.Houyhnhnmsareasuperiorraceofintelligenthorses.AnythingbadisaboutYahoosYahoos,avile(极坏的)anddepravedraceofape-likecreatures.GulliveriseventuallyexiledfromHouyhnhnmsocietywhenthehorsesgentlyinsistthatGullivermustreturntoliveamonghisownkind.Afterthisfourthandfinalvoyage,hereturnstoEngland,wherehehasgreatdifficultyadjustingtoeverydaylife.AllpeopleeverywhereremindhimoftheYahoos.ThefinalvoyagerevealsSwift’sultimatesatiricobject—man’sinabilitytocometotermswithhistruenature.TheYahoosasasatiricrepresentationofdebasedhumanity,whiletakingtheHouyhnhnmsasrepresentativesofSwift’sidealsofrationalityandorder.MajorthemesAnalysis•Itisabooksimpleenoughforachild,andyetcomplexenoughtocar