education system in China

EducationSysteminChinaXiaoliHeÖmerArslanGovernanceEducationinthePeople'sRepublicofChinaisastate-runsystemofpubliceducationrunbytheMinistryofEducationThegovernmentsupportsprivateeducationalorganizations.ThefirstLawonPromotionofPrivateEducationcameintoeffectonSeptember1,2003.PrivateschoolshavepioneeredcooperationwithforeignpartnersintherunningofschoolsManyforeignuniversitieshaveenteredChinaFundingAllpublicinstitutionsreceivethepercapitagrants.Tertiaryeducationinstitutionsareclassifiedintodifferentcategoriesofstatusandaccordinglyreceivefinancingandotherprovisionsfromdifferentsources,namelyfromnational,provincialorlocalgovernments.Thetopresearch-orienteduniversitiesreceivesignificantadditionalsumsfromthe“985”and“211”projectsandoftengeneratesignificantlevelsofadditionalincome.Moreinstructionally-orienteduniversitiesandcollegeshavetorelyalmostentirelyontuitiontosupplementtheirpercapitaallocations.PrivateuniversitiesarefinancedfromacombinationoftuitionandentrepreneurialearningsCorruptionhasbeenincreasinglyproblematicforruralschools.Becausetheeducationalfundingisdistributedfromthetopdown,eachlayerofbureaucracyhastendedtosiphonoffmorethanitsshareoffunding,leavingtoolittleforthebottomrurallevelDonationsfromcivicsociety“HopeProject”Source:Tang2001,Guo2007LoanScheme---fourprincipalfeaturesFirst,studentsinfinancialhardshipmaybeloanedsumsofuptothecostoftheirtuitionfeesandresidentialchargesduringtheircoursesofstudy.Second,theloansaremadebythenationalbanks.Third,whiletheyarestudying,studentsarechargedonlyhalftheinterestdueontheseloans,andtheotherhalfispaidbythegovernment.Fourth,oncompletionofstudy,theloansbecomeliableforfullinterestandnormallyarescheduledtoberepaidoverthefollowingfouryears(i.e.insevenoreightyearsintotalfrominitialdebt).However,extensionoftherepaymentperiodtosixoreveneightyearsaftergraduation,maybegrantedincertaincircumstances,suchasifthestudentproceedstopostgraduatestudy(however,studentswhoreceivesuchextensionsmustpaythefullinterestrateduringthistimeofextension)China'sEducationalSystem:(6+3+3)SystemNationalKeyUniversityBA,MA,PhDProject211GeneralUniversity;ProvincialKeyBA,MA,PhDNormalUniversityVocationalCollegeTwoYearGaoKao(CollegeEntrance)ExamSeniorMiddleSchool(15-18yrsold);KeyandGeneralVocationalSchool15-18yrsZhongKao(SeniorMiddleSchoolEntrance)ExamJuniorMiddleSchool;12-15yrsoldPrimary(Elementary)School;6-12yrsoldKindergarten;3-6yrsoldNote:TheadulteducationcategoryoverlapsallabovecategoriesBasicEducationDividedintoPre-school,compulsoryeducationandseniorsecondaryeducationCompulsoryeducationincludesprimaryschoolandjuniorsecondaryeducation.Secondaryeducationisdividedintoacademicsecondaryeducationandspecialized/vocational/technicalsecondaryeducation.HigherEducationundergraduatelevel:two-andthree-yearjuniorcollegesfour-yearcollegesuniversitiesgraduateprograms:MasterdegreePh.D.degreeAdultEducationAdultprimaryeducation:Workers’PrimarySchools,Peasants’PrimarySchools,andliteracyclasses.Adultsecondaryeducation:radio/TVspecializedsecondaryschools,specializedsecondaryschoolforcadres,specializedsecondaryschoolsforstaffandworkers,specializedsecondaryschoolsforpeasants,in-serviceteachertrainingschoolsandcorrespondencespecializedsecondaryschools.Adulthighereducation:radio/TVuniversities,cadreinstitutes,workers’colleges,peasantcolleges,correspondencecolleges,andeducationalcolleges.HighlightsAtalllevelsofeducation,politicalindoctrinationhasbeenincorporatedintothecurriculaAllhighschoolanduniversityfreshmenmustparticipateinaseveral-weeklongmilitarytrainingprogramInChina,mostschoolchildrenaretaughttheirfirstEnglishlessonattheageof10Informationtechnologycoursestartsatleastfrom3rdgradeinprimaryschoolNote:inordertoincreasetherateofadmissionintohigherschoolsoruniversitiesandgainagoodfameoftheschool,earlymorningandnightclassesareaddedaswellasweekendsclassesillegally.PercentagesofTotalClassHoursforRespectiveSubjectsin1-9YearCompulsoryEducation,ChinaSource:J.Yang&Y.Wu,ConstructingNewCurriculum,JiangsuEducationPress,2003,P.93.Teachersstate-paidteachersandcommunity-paidteacherspre-serviceeducation:trainedfrommonotechnicalcollegesorspecializedteachereducationinstitutions,graduatedonestagehigherthanthejobin-serviceeducation:provideunqualifiedteacherswithappropriatetrainingandeducationcredentialssystemofteacherexaminationsandcredentialstheannualsalaryoftheteachingprofessionrankedamongthebottomthirdofthetwelvemajorcategoriesofoccupationsin1991andnosharpchangeuntilnowRuralprimaryteachersneededtosupplementtheirpaybyfarmingbecausemostwerepaidbytherelativelypoorlocalcommunitiesratherthanbythestateManagementLocalgovernmentisplayingakeyroleincompulsoryeducationCentralandprovincialgovernmentaredominantinhighereducationSocialpartnersincludingindustrialorganizations,businessesandpublicinstitutionsareplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinoccupationalandadulteducationEducationalsupportandguidanceOnecounselingclassperweekfrombasiceducationtoseniormiddleschoolmainlyabouthealthandpsychologyrelatedproblemsaswellasle