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名词︹表1︺可数名词(Ccountable)单数表示“一个”含义时需要在前面加上表示数量关系/所有关系/指示关系的限定词（冠词/数词/名词所有格/物主代词/指示代词/不定代词等。表示泛指某一类事物加上不定冠词：abook,anorange复数表示泛指时不必加任何限定词Wemusttellfriendsfromenemies.不可数名词(Uuncountable)单独出现表示泛指。不可以直接跟数词、不定冠词连用，但可以在不可数名词前加表示数量的名词词组等来表示其具体数量：apieceofnews,asheetofpaper冠词︹表2︺不定冠词泛指某一具体的人/事物Heisanolddoctor.SheisnowadifferentChinafromwhatshewas.固定词组onceuponatime(从前)，anhourortwoalongtime,afew,alittle定冠词说话人和听话人心中都了解的人/事物，表示特指Iboughtaskirtyesterday.Theskirtisverybeautiful.最高级/固定词组/习惯用法inthemorning/afternoon/evening,intheend.,bytheway零冠词表示泛指的不可数名词/复数名词前Failureisthemotherofsuccess.Childrenlikecartoons.泛指时，表示三餐、球/棋类运动、学科、季节、年份、月份、星期、节假日的名词前Doyouhavearestafterlunch?Theyarefondofplayingbasketball/chess.Spring/April/Sunday/Children’sdayisthebesttime.固定词组/习惯搭配onfoot,athome,atnight,indanger,forexamplefacetoface,handinhand,side/stepbyside/step人称代词︹表3︺基本用法单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hehimtheytheysheheritit多个人陈代词并列的排序单数的语境下：you放在最前，I放在最后You,sheandIallenjoymusic.复数的语境下：we放在最前，they放在最后We,youandtheyshouldpreservetheenvironmentit的特殊用法指代事物/人代替前文提到过的事物Thisisanewdictionary.Iboughtityesterday.代替指示代词，起this/that作用Isthisyoucar?No,itisn’t.指代动植物、不明身份/性别的人/婴儿Lookatthatbird.Italwayscomestomywindow.TheGreenshaveanewbaby.Itislovely.指自然现象（天气、气象、天色等）/量度（时间、距离、温度、价值等）Itisgettingdark.HowfarisittotheGreatWall?充当形式主语代替不定式Itisourdutytotakecareoftheold.代替动名词Itisworthwhileworkingthewholenight.代替主语从句Itdoesn’tmatterwhatyoudo.充当形式宾语代替不定式Iconsideritbettertobeearly.代替动名词Wethoughtitnousedoingthat.代替宾语从句Theteachermadeitclearthateveryoneshouldhandinhishomeworkontime.用于强调句型Itis/was+被强调的部分+that/who/whom+原剧中其他部分强调主语Itismywordthatcounts.(我说了算)强调宾语Itismethat/whomyoushouldask.强调状语强调时间Itisateleventhatthetrainleaves.强调地点ItwasintheclassroomthatIlefthim.强调方式ItwasjustasheorderedthatIacted.强调原因ItwasbecausehewaspoorthatIhelpedhim强调Itwasredthatwepaintedthegate.宾补指示代词︹表4︺分类及用法单数复数空间/时间上离说话人较近/下文将要讲的事物thisthese空间/时间上离说话人较远/上文提及的事物thatthose作替代词的用法指示代词（后面必须有后置定语）that替代单数可数名词YourpenisexpensivethanthatIhave.不可数名词ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofanyothercountry.those替代复数可数名词HisstoriesaremoreinterestingthanthoseItold.区别指示代词that与数词one/onesthat只能代替事物，相当于the+被代替的单数可数名词/不可数名词（特指同一种/类的事物）可以代替事物，也可以代替人。a/an+被代替的单数可数名词（泛指同一种/类的事物/人）the+被代替的单数可数名词（特指同一种/类的事物/人）必须有后置定语ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofanyothercountry.修饰语可以前置/后置/单独使用Mychilddoesn’tlikethisbook.Showheramoreinterestingone.Ournewbookismoreexpensivethantheonewehadbefore.不定代词︹表5︺all,each,everyall表示“三者/三者以上都”主语Allareequalbeforethelaw.allof后接名词(必须带冠词物主代词等限定词)，of可省略，all变为定语All(of)themilkhasbeendrunk.All(of)myfriendslikereading.人称代词，of不能省略Allofthemenjoyedtheparty.宾语Sayallyouknowandsayitwithoutreserve.(知无不言，言无不尽)Thebravedefendersgavetheirall.勇敢的防伪者奋战到底。表语Thatisallformyspeech.我的发言到此结束定语Weshouldarguethecaseinallseriousness.(极其严肃地)Dealallthecards.把牌都发了。同位语主语的同位语实义动词之前Thepeopleallvotedagainstit.助动词、情态动词、系动词be之后Weareallforhim.之前（简短回答）WhocanspeakJapanese?Weallcan.宾语的同位语Thereisjusticeforusall.(这对我们每个人而言都是公平的)不定代词︹表5︺each表示“两个/两个以上当中的每一个”侧重指每个人/事物的个别情况主语Eachhasacupoftea.宾语Giveanappletoeach.定语Thereisalineoftreesoneachsideoftheroad.同位语主语的同位语Theyeachsignedthepaper.宾语的同位语Givethemeachanapple.every表示“三者/三者以上当中的每一个”侧重强调全体的情况只作定语Youhaveeveryrighttosayso.(你完全有权利这么说)noone,nothing,nonenoone=nobody只指人，谓语动词用单数,不能与介词of连用。Noonelikesapersonwithbadmanners.nothing只指物，谓语动词用单数,能与介词of连用。Nothingexceptyourfearsstandsinyourway.Thinknothingofit.(不用介意这件事)none即指人也指物，能与介词of连用，根据含义谓语动词用单数Noneofushasgotacamera.Noneofthemoneybelongstome.(none在代表不可数的事物时，谓语动词用单数)复数Nonearesodeafasthosethatwillnothear.Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus.both,neither,eitherboth“两者都”（用法类似于all）Bothseataretaken.neither“（两者中的每一个）都不”Neitherofthetwinsishere.either“（两者中的）任何一个”Therearehousesoneithersideoftheroad.manymuch等只修饰可数名词many,manya,afew,few,(not/quite)several,a(great/large)numberof,numbersof.只修饰不可数名词much,alittle,little,abitof,agood/greatdealof,alarge/greatamountof,amountsof.既修饰可数名词有修饰不可数名词some,any,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreat/largequantityof,quantitiesof.someanysome肯定句Ihavesomequestions.“一些”SomeMr.cheniscallingyou.“某一”any否定句/疑问句/条件句Doyouhaveanyquestions?“一些”肯定句Comeanydayyoulike.“任何一个”复合不定代词some/any/no/every+body/one/thing用法相近于some/any/no/every,被定语修饰时，定语必须后置。Hedrinkssomethingfierce.(他喝烈酒)isthereanythingimportantinthatbox?otherothersanotherother“另外的，其他的”作定语修饰可数名词（单/复数）/不可数名词Anyotherpersonwouldtellthetruth.theother后面不接其他名词时表示两者中的另外一个Holditinthishand,nottheother.不定代词︹表5︺others是other的复数形式，但不作定语，只作主语、宾语、表语等成分。前面不加定冠词，泛指“其他人/物”（但不指其余的全部）Manystudentsareplayingontheplayground.Someareplayingfootball;othersareplayingbasketball.前面加定冠词，特指“剩下的人/物”（可指其余的全部）Sixofthetoysaremine;theothersareJohn’s.another泛指三者/三者以上当中的“另外一个”，前面不能加任何冠词主语Thenanotherputuphishand.宾语Let’saskforanother.表语Sayisonethinganddoing(is)another定语单数可数名词Shehasgotanotherboyfriend.复数可数名词，视为一个单数的整体Wewillstudyhereforanothertwoyears.物主代词︹表6︺单数复数句中作用第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir定语mytask不能与其他限定词（冠词、指示代词）同时使用,不能说：amyfriend名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourtheirs主语MayIuseyourpen?Yoursworksbetter.宾语Ilovemymoth