GrammarThe–ingform(2)---usedasSubject,ObjectandPredicative•SubjectInmanycountries,shakingone’sheadmeans“no”andnoddingmeans“yes”.•ObjectWecanlearnalotaboutwhatapersonisthinkingbywatchinghisorherbodylanguage.Doyoumindmysmokinghere?•PredicativeAwayofsaying“Iamhungry”ispattingthestomachbeforeameal.动名词的语法特征及用法:动名词由动词加-ing词尾构成,既有名词的特征,又有动词的特征。了解动名词的语法特征可帮助学习者深入理解动名词的意义,从而正确使用动名词。一、动名词的名词特征动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用,作主语、宾语、表语、定语。例如:Beatingachildwilldomoreharmthangood.打孩子弊大于利。(作主语)Doyoumindansweringmyquestion?你不介意回答我的问题吧?(作宾语)Tokeepmoneythatyouhavefoundisstealing.把拾到的钱留起来是偷盗行为。(作表语)Nooneisallowedtospeakaloudinthereadingroom.阅览室里不许大声说话。(作定语)本单元主要学习动名词用作主语,宾语和表语。动名词作主语时要注意以下几点•动名词作主语有两种位置A:句首(主语的位置)Eg:Makingeyecontact---lookingdirectlyintosomeone’seyes---isinsomecountriesawaytoshowinterest.B:动名词放在句子末尾,用it作形式主语放在句首。Eg:Itisnousetryingtopersuadehim.Hewon’tlistentoyouatall。It'snofunbeinglostinrain.在雨中迷路可不是好玩的。It‘sawasteoftimeyourreasoningwithhim.你和他讲道理是在浪费时间。还可用于therebe句型中Eg:Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatter.对这样的事不可开玩笑。Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.简直无法与他相处。•动名词作主语与不定式作主语的比较1.不定式与动名词作主语时,其意义没有多大差别,一般可以互换。e.g.It’sapleasuretomeetyou.It’sapleasuremeetingyou.2.但在实际使用中,其选择取舍,主要依据以下原则:(1)不定式作主语一般表示某个特定的、比较具体的动作;而动名词作主语则表示某个抽象的、泛指的动作。e.g.Itisbadmannerstostareataforeignguest.Learningaforeignlanguageisveryusefultome.(2)在口语中,用动名词作主语置于句首的情况较不定式多。(3)在疑问句中,一般用动名词的复合结构作主语,不用不定式的复合结构作主语。e.g.Doesoursayingthatmeananythingtohim.(正)Doesforustosaythatmeananythingtohim.(误)我们说这话,对他能起作用吗?4)在句型Itis+表示否定的形容词(-less)或名词(nogood,nouse)后,一般多用动名词作主语。E.g.It’suselessstudyingEnglishwithoutpractice.It’snousetalkingaboutit.(5)在“therebe”结构中,用动名词作主语,而不用不定式。e.g.Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelsofhistory.(6)在“主-系-表”结构中,主语和表语所采用的非谓语形式要一致,即:表语是不定式时,主语也用不定式;表语是动名词时,主语也用动名词。e.g.Toseeistobelieve.Seeingisbelieving.动名词作宾语要注意以下几点•作动词的宾语1、有些动词后只能用动名词作宾语,构成固定搭配,需特别记忆。常见的这类动词有:admit(承认)advise(建议)allow(允许)appreciate(感激)avoid(避免)can‘thelp(禁不住)consider(考虑)deny(否认)dislike(不喜欢)enjoy(喜欢)escape(逃脱)excuse(原谅)feellike(想要),finish(结束),giveup(放弃),imagine(想象),involve(包含),keep(保持),mind(介意),miss(错过)permit(允许)recollect(记得)recommend(推荐)suggest(建议)stop(停止)resent(对……感到愤恨、怨恨)risk(冒……危险)cannotstand(受不了)等。例如:。Wedonotpermitsmokingintheoffice.我们不允许在办公室吸烟。Infightingthefire,heriskedbeingburnttodeath.在救火中,他冒着被烧死的危险Shedeniedhavingstolenanything.她否认偷过任何东西。Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.我建议换一个方法做这件事。加动名词的动词短语:习惯于旧方式的人坚持反对新事物,这样导致许多献身于科学的人被宣判为大逆不道.不喜欢这种事实的人谈到此事时,总期待着加上自己的努力使它开始改变.习惯于be/getusedto坚持stickto反对objectto导致leadto献身于devoteto被宣判besentencedto喜欢preferto谈到cometo期待lookforwardto加上addto开始getto2、有些动词后既可跟动名词也可跟不定式,意义上没多大区别。如:like,start,begin,continue,HelikestoplaybasketballwhileIenjoylisteningtomusic。3、有些动词跟动名词与跟不定式意义不同。stopdoing停止做todo停下(手中的活),开始做…Eg:Assoonasthebabysawitsmother,itstoppedcrying.Whenthestudentsarrivedatafarmhouse,theystoppedtohavearest.rememberdoing记得做过某事todo记着去做某事Irememberreadingthepoemsomewherebefore.Remembertoposttheletterforme,ok?meandoing意味着todo意欲,打算Missingthelastbusmeanswalkinghome.Ididn’tmeantohurtyoubysayingthat.动名词作介词的宾语Heleftwithoutsayinggoodbyetome.二、动名词的动词特征由于动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍保留着动词的某些特征,具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念。动名词的动词特征主要表现在以下几点:1、动名词可带状语,如果是及物动词,需跟宾语。例如:Itwasobviousthathewastryingtoavoidansweringthatquestion.显然他在试图避免回答那个问题。(宾语)Readingwithoutthoroughcomprehensionisnogood.没有透彻理解地阅读是无用的。(状语)GettingajobinalargecityinJapanisverydifficult.在日本的大城市获得一份工作是很难的。(既跟宾语又跟状语)2、动名词可具有时态意义动名词可以像动词那样表现时态意义,有一般式(doing)和完成式(havingdone)之分。动名词的时态意义是一个相对的概念,从属于句中谓语动词。一般式表示动名词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表示一般性动作,没有时间概念;完成式表示动名词的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生。例如:Sheisproudofbeingbeautiful.她为自己的美丽而骄傲。(同时)IamthinkingofgoingtotheIndustrialExhibitionthisafternoon.我想下午去看工业展览。(在其后)IprefermakinganoutlinebeforeIdomyoralcomposition.(一般情况)Iapologizefornothavingkeptmypromise.我为没能遵守诺言表示歉意。(之前发生)例如:Theycouldn‘tstandbeingtreatedlikethat.他们无法忍受这样的待遇。(与其逻辑主语They构成被动关系,比较:Theyaretreatedlikethat.)但是在want,need,require,deserve等动词之后作宾语时,常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,但如果用不定式则用被动式。例如:Theflowersinthegardenwantwatering.花园里的花需要浇水了。(比较:Theflowersinthegardenwanttobewatered.)That‘soneofthosequestionsthatreallydon’tneedanswering.那是一个那种真的不需回答的问题。(比较:Thequestionsdon‘tneedtobeanswered.)4、动名词可带有自己的逻辑主语一般情况下,动名词的逻辑主语可泛指任何人或与句中主语一致。例如:Idon'trememberhavingeverpromisedyouthat.我不记得曾经答应过你这件事。(逻辑主语为句子的主语I)Doyoumindmysmokingintheroom?你介意我在室内吸烟吗?Exercises1)Markoftenattemptstoescape____wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.A)havingbeenfinedB)tohavebeenfinedC)tobefinedD)beingfine2)Mywifesaidinherletterthatshewouldappreciate____fromyousometime.A)tohaveheardB)tohearC)forhearingD)hearingDD3)Thethieftookawaythewoman'swalletwithout____A)beingseenB)seeingB)C)himseeingD)seeinghim4)I'veenjoyed____totalkwithyou.A)tobeableB)beingableC)tobeenableD)ofbeingable5)Noonecanavoid____byadvertisements.A)tobeinfluencedB)beinginfluencedC)influencingD)havinginfluenceABB6)Theyareconsidering____beforethepricesgoup.A)ofbuyingthehouseB)withbuyingthehouseC)buyingthehouseD)tobuythehouse7)IfIhadremembered____thedoor,thethingswouldnothavebeenstolen.A)tolockB)lockingC)tohavelockedD)shavingslockedCA8)Yourshirtneeds____.