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•Tounderstandthegeneralfunctionsoftheintroduction;•Tolearnhowtociteotherpeople’spreviouswork;•Togetfamiliarwiththewritingofaliteraturereview;•Tolearnhowtoavoidplagiarismbyparaphrasing.LearningObjectivesA.Introduction•Whatarethegeneralfunctionsoftheintroductionsection?•Whatdoyouthinkisthemostimportantfunctionoftheintroductionsection?•Whatareprobablyincludedintheintroductionsection?I.Warm-upB.LiteratureReview•Whatisthepurposeofwritingaliteraturereview?•Whatstepsmaybetakeninconductingaliteraturereview?•Howdoweciteotherpeople’spreviousworkinourownresearcharticles?I.Warm-up1.ReadSample1anddecidewhatelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.II.SampleReadingParagraphsFunctionsElements12341.ReadSample1anddecidewhatelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.II.SampleReadingParagraphsFunctionsElements1toshowthatthegeneralresearchareaisimportanttobringoutthefocusofthepresentresearchBackgroundResearchfocus2tojustifytheresearchfocusbyreviewingtheresearchdonebyotherresearchersJustification1.ReadSample1anddecidewhatelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.II.SampleReadingParagraphsFunctionsElements3toindicatethegapforthepresentstudytobringforwardtheresearchproblemResearchproblem4tostatetheobjectiveofthepresentstudytoexplainthelimitationsandsignificanceofthepresentstudyResearchobjectiveLimitationsSignificanceII.SampleReadingParagraphsFunctionsElements12341.ReadSample2anddecidewhatelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.1.ReadSample2anddecidewhatelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.II.SampleReadingParagraphsFunctionsElements1toputforwardthetopicofthestudytoprovidethereaderwithasettingfortheproblemtobereportedtoreviewthepreviousresearchdonebyotherresearcherstojustifytheresearchfocusResearchfocusBackground2todemonstratetheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearcherstofindthegapforthepresentstudyResearchproblem1.ReadSample2anddecidewhatelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.II.SampleReadingParagraphsFunctionsElements3toindicatetheneedformoreinvestigationandtheobjectiveofthestudyResearchobjective4tooutlinethestudyOutlineA.TenseinCitationSimplepresenttense－Authorsmostlyusethesimplepresenttenseverbstociteotherauthors’ideas,relatewhatotherauthorssayordiscusstheliterature,theoreticalconcepts,methods,etc.Simplepasttense－Whenyouusethepasttense,thereportingverboftenoccursasanintegralcitation.Presentperfecttense－Thepresentperfecttensecanbeusedtostatethattheresearchresultsarerecent,expressingwhathasbeenfoundoveranextendedperiodinthepastanduptothepresenttohighlightthedirectrelevanceofpreviousstudiestothewriter'sownresearch.III.LanguageFocusA.TenseinCitationCheckSample2andcompletethefollowingtable.III.LanguageFocusQuestionsAnswersPurposes1)Aresomesentenceswritteninthepresenttense?2)Aresomesentenceswritteninthepasttense?3)Aresomesentenceswritteninthepresentperfecttense?4)Whichtenseisusedmore?Whydoyouthinkthisisthecase?A.TenseinCitationCheckSample2andcompletethefollowingtable.III.LanguageFocusQuestionsAnswersPurposes1)Aresomesentenceswritteninthepresenttense?Yes,therearemanyverbsinthepresenttense.Theauthormostlyusesthepresenttenseverbstoshowtheiropiniononanotherperson'sresearch,relatewhatotherauthorssayordiscusstotheliterature,A.TenseinCitationCheckSample2andcompletethefollowingtable.III.LanguageFocusQuestionsAnswersPurposes2)Aresomesentenceswritteninthepasttense?Yes,therearefewverbsinpasttense.Theseverbshavethediscourseroleofprovidingparticularsforrecountingevents,resultsfoundoraprecedinggeneralizationorthebasisforaclaim,etc.A.TenseinCitationCheckSample2andcompletethefollowingtable.III.LanguageFocusQuestionsAnswersPurposes3)Aresomesentenceswritteninthepresentperfecttense?Yes,thereareafewverbsinthepresentperfecttense.Thepresentperfecttensecanbeusedtostatethattheresearchresultsarerecent,expressingwhathasbeenfoundoveranextendedperiodinthepastanduptothepresenttohighlightthedirectrelevanceofpreviousstudiestothewriter'sownresearchA.TenseinCitationCheckSample2andcompletethefollowingtable.III.LanguageFocusQuestionsAnswersPurposes4)Whichtenseisusedmore?Whydoyouthinkthisisthecase?ThepresenttenseThepresenttenseismostcommonlyusedinthewriting,emphasizingthepresentsignificanceofthestudy.B.CitingVerbsIII.LanguageFocus'Neutral'citingverbs'Tentative'citingverbs'Strong'citingverbsdescribe,show,reveal,study,demonstrate,note,pointout,indicate,report,observe,assume,takeintoconsideration,examine,state,believe(unlessthisisastrongbelief),mention,etc.suggest,speculate,intimate,hypothesize,moot,imply,propose,recommend,posittheviewthat,questiontheviewthat,postulate,etc.argue,claim,emphasize,contend,maintain,assert,theorize,supporttheviewthat,deny,negate,refute,reject,challenge,stronglybelievethat,countertheview/argumentthat,etc.B.CitingVerbsReadthefollowingthreeextractsontheissueofpovertyandcrime.Useappropriateverbstocitetheunderlinedopinionsandintegratethemintooneparagraphaspartofaliteraturereview.III.LanguageFocusExtract1Extract2Extract3AstudybyMcClatchyNewspapers,releasedinMarchfindsthattheranksoftheseverelyimpoverishedarerapidl