第28课动词的语态课堂突破基本概念语态(Voice)是动词的一种形式,用表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句,谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动句。动词中只有及物动词有被动语态。种类英语动词有两种语态:主动语态(ActiveVoice)和被动语态(PassiveVoice)。构成基本结构被动语态的基本结构是:be+动词过去分词,而对于动词的各种时态的被动结构需将被动式与时态的构成式“合二为一”,即将被动语态构成中的be看作时态构成中的动词,而将其做相应的变化。各种时态的主动式和被动式见下表:时态主动式被动式一般现在时动词原形am/is/are+动词过去分词现在进行时be+v.-ing形式am/is/arebeing+动词过去分词一般将时will/begoingto+动词原形will/begoingtobe+动词过去分词一般过去时动词过去式was/were+动词过去分词过去进行时was/were+v.-ing形式was/werebeing+动词过去分词现在完成时have/has+动词过去分词have/hasbeen+动词过去分词过去将时would/was(were)goingto+动词原形would/was(were)goingtobe+动词过去分词过去完成时had+动词过去分词hadbeen+动词过去分词情态动词情态动词+动词原形情态动词+be+动词过去分词基本用法1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要指出动作的执行者时用被动语态。如:①Lettersarecollectedateighteverymorning.信件每天早晨8点被收取。②Hisbiehasbeenstolen.他的自行车已经被偷走了。2.为了强调或突出动作的承受者时用被动语态。如:①Thebagwastaenawaybyhiseldersister.那个包被他姐姐拿走了。②Theplanhasalreadybeenmade.计划已经制定好了。3.在上下文中,为了使句子间衔接紧密,常用被动语态。如:Ihaveanewmotorbie.Itwasgiventomeasabirthdaypresentbymyfather.我有辆新摩托车。它是父亲作为生日礼物送给我的。主动语态和被动语态的转换1.主动语态变为被动语态时,应注意三个方面:(1)把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语,若是代词,要变宾格为主格。(2)把主动语态的谓语动词改为相应的被动语态结构:be+及物动词的过去分词,放在主语之后。(3)把主动语态的主语改为“by+原主语(若是代词,要变主格为宾格)”,放在主谓结构之后。在意思明确时by短语可以省略。如:2.含有双宾语的句子由主动语态变为被动语态时有两种情况:(1)把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍留在原的位置。(2)把直接宾语改为被动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或for。如:Hegavetheboyanapple.→Theboywasgivenanapplebyhim.或Anapplewasgiventotheboybyhim.他给了这个男孩一个苹果。3.若动词短语是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时,要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可漏掉。如:Wemusttaegoodcareoftheyoungtrees.→Theyoungtreesmustbetaengoodcareof.我们必须好好照顾这些小树。4.主动语态中感官动词feel,hear,see,watch等以及某些使役动词mae,have,let后须跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,改为被动语态时,不定式前要加to。如:Wesawthechildrensingthatmorning.→Thechildrenwereseentosingthatmorning.那天早晨我们看见孩子们唱歌了。5.有些被动语态结构是习惯用法。如:Itissaidthat...据说……;Itis/wasreportedthat...据报道……;Itiswell-nownthat...众所周知……;Itisbelievedthat...人们都相信……。主动形式表示被动意义的情况1.某些由及物动词转化而的不及物动词,如read,write,clean,wash,draw,cut,open,sell等,常与副词well,easily,smoothly等连用,且通常用主动结构表示被动意义。如:Thepenwriteswell.这支钢笔很好用。2.动词need,require,want,deserve等后接v.-ing的主动结构表示被动意义,相当于sth.need(s)/require(s)/want(s)/deserve(s)tobedone。如:Thecarneedscleaning.这辆汽车需要清洗了。3.有些动词如coo,print等,常用主动结构表示被动意义。如:Thelunchiscooing.正在做午饭。4.某些连系动词如feel,prove,smell,taste,sound等加上形容词,也可用主动式表示被动意义。如:Thefoodtastesdelicious.这种食物尝起很美味。5.beworthdoing意为“值得做”,表示被动含义。如:Thebooisworthreading.这本书值得一读。不用被动语态的5种情况1.谓语为连系动词时,不用被动语态。如:Heloosfine.他气色很好。2.谓语为不及物动词(短语)时,不用被动语态。如:①Thewarbroeoutintheend.战争终于爆发了。②Ihappenedtomeethimthere.我碰巧在那儿见到了他。3.宾语为动词不定式、v.-ing形式或从句,表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时,一般不用被动语态。如:①Hedecidedtogowithus.他决定跟我们一起去。②Iwanttobuyacomputer.我想买一台电脑。4.宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同宾语等时,一般不用被动语态。如:①Weshouldhelpeachother.我们应该相互帮助。②Hethinsofhimselftoomuch.他为自己考虑得太多。③Weliveahappylifehere.我们在这儿过着幸福的生活。5.宾语表示处所、地点时,一般不用被动语态。如:①Wewillreachthestationintwohours.我们两个小时内就到站了。②HehasgonetoLondon.他去伦敦了。当堂检测一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.(2018·台州)Ihandedinmytestpaperandthelastquestion__________(leave)unanswered.2.Youmaygofishingifyourwor__________(do).3.Aterroristattac__________(happen)atunmingRailwayStation,and29people__________(ill)intheevent.4.Althougheveryonewantstosucceedinwhathetriestodo,sometimesfailurecan’t__________(avoid).5.—Howsoon__________allthewor__________(finish)?—Inawee.6.—Tellmeonethingyou’reproudofinyourjuniorhighschool.—Iwas__________(choose)ascaptainoftheschoolfootballteam.7.IwillfinishtheworifI__________(give)anothertenminutes.二、用方框中所给词的适当形式填空,每词限用一次。(2018·诸暨中考模拟)amongmadtwomyseparate1.AlthoughJane’sschoolbagisverynice,Istillprefer__________.2.Tomissuchalayboythatheeercisesonlyayear.3.Nowadays,manystudentsare__________fromeachotherbyiPads.4.Hearttroubleisthemostseriousreasonofdeath__________oldpeople.5.Howstrangeheis!Maybeheisthe__________manIhaveeverseen.三、任务型阅读。(2018·湖州市南浔区中考模拟)下面是Maria的一封求职信。假设你是经理Mr.Green,请根据求职信内容,完成Maria的应聘条件分析图(每空限填一词)。DearMr.Green,Iamattractedbyyouradvertisement(广告)andIwouldlietoworwithyoufromJulytoSeptember.Iama19-year-oldPortuguese(葡萄牙的)studentandnowIamstudyingatPortoUniversity,inthenorthofPortugal.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwas8yearsold,soIcanspeaEnglishverywell.IhavebeentoEnglandtwicewhereIattendedtwosummercourses.IfeelIwouldbesuitable(合适的)forthejob.IlovechildrenandIamgoodatplayingwiththem.SoIampopularwiththechildren.Besides,IlovesportsandIeerciseeveryday,soIcantaepartinanysportsactivities.Ihavesomeworeperienceandhavealreadydoneafewpart-timejobsduringsummerholidays.LastsummerIworedinaprimaryschooltotaecareofschoolchildrenwhilesometeacherswereonholiday.Ialsobabysitformyneighborswhentheyneedhelp.Iamlooingforwardtoyourreply.Yours,MariaGonales参考答案当堂检测一、1.wasleft2.isdone3.happened,wereilled4.beavoided5.is,goingtobefinished【解析】问句的主语是allthewor,所以应该用被动语态,且由howsoon可知应该用一般将时的被动语态。6.chosen7.amgiven二、1.mine2.twice3.separated4.among5.maddest三、1.student2.England3.well4.eperience