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名词的词形变化1.不规则复数形式1）child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teethgoose---geeseman---menwoman---womenmouse---micelouse---liceox---oxenpenny---penceanalysis---analysesappendix---appendicesparenthesis---parenthesesbasis---basesstimulus---stimuliellipsis---ellipsesaxis---axeshypothesis---hypothesesoasis---oasescrisis----crisescriterion---criteriaphenomenon---phenomenadatum---datamedium---mediabacterium---bacterianucleus---nucleifungus---fungialumnus---alumnifocus---fociradius---radiiterminus---terminilarva---larvaealga---algaeformula---formulaedata---dataslens---lenses。2）词尾读音为[f]并以－f或0－fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况：a）规则形式：belief---beliefschief----chiefscliff----cliffsgrief----griefsb）不规则形式，即把－f或－fe变成ves,读音为[vz]:calf---calveshalf---halvesleaf----leaveslife----livesloaf---loavesself---shelvesthief---thieveswife---wiveswolf---wolvesc）既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式：dwarf---dwarfs/dwarveshoof---hoofs/hovesscarf---scarfs/scarveswharf---wharfs/wharves3）词干以－o结尾的名次有三种情况：a）附属形式为s：这类词包括缩略词kilos,photos；表示国籍或民族的词b）复数形式为es，如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes。c）复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式，如：Cargo---cargos/cargoesmosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoesvolcano---volacbos/volcanoes2.单复数同形的名词以下这些名词单复数同形：antelope羚羊，bison野牛，buffalo水牛，crab螃蟹，deer鹿，fish鱼，reindeer驯鹿，sheep绵羊；Burmese缅甸人，Cantonese广东人，Chinese中国人，counsel法律顾问，kin亲属，Japanese日本人，Swiss瑞士人；aircraft飞机，craft飞机，spacecraft太空船；brance双，score二十；series系列；species种类；means方法只有复数形式的名词trousers裤子，pants裤子，shorts短裤glasses眼镜，compasses圆规，scales天平，pliers钳子，clips剪子。trafficlights交通灯（一般有三盏，这样理解）sports（运动）3.集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。people，children，police，cattle是复数有时family也有此用法表示国民总称时，作复数用。（TheChineseareindustriousandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。）英语中有些名词的单复数形式相同，主要有以下几类1.表示动物的名词：fish(鱼),bass(鲈鱼),carp(鲤鱼),cod(鳕鱼),crab(螃蟹),eel(鳗鱼),flounder(比目鱼),herring(鲱鱼),halibut(大比目鱼),hake(狗鳕),roach(泥鳅),skate(鳐鱼),sardine(沙丁鱼),salmon(大麻哈鱼),shark(鲨鱼),squid(鱿鱼),trout(鳟鱼),whale(鲸鱼),antelope(羚羊),bison(野牛),buffalo(水牛),deer(鹿),elk(麋鹿),sheep(绵羊),swine(野猪)等。Thefishwecaughtisstillalive.Thesefisharelivingdeepunderthesea.Theswineenjoyrootingtheearth.2.表示人的名词：buttons(侍者),corps(军团),counsel(法律顾问),lazybones(懒汉),help(佣人),offspring(后代),vermin(坏蛋；害虫),Chinese(中国人),Japanese(日本人),Lebanese(巴黎人),Portuguese(葡萄牙人),Vietnamese(越南人)等.3.其他常用的单复数同形的名词有：aircraft(飞机),barracks(营房),bob(美圆；先令),brace(双；对),chassis(车架；底架),craft(船；飞行器),head(牛羊等的头数),headquarters(司令部),hovercraft(气垫船),means(方法；手段),patois(方言),précis(文章梗概),series(丛书；系列),species(物种),works(工厂；工事),bellows(风箱)等。3.不可数名词不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词，永远不能加不定冠词！不可数名词作主语，谓语要用单数形式。如：Waterisimportant.但如果不可数名词前面被piece,drop,set等词修饰时，谓语应该与piece,drop,set等的单复数形式保持一致例如：Fewdropsofwaterareneededtosavetheflower.下面是典型的不可数名词，是应该熟记的！！air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wisdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics,obsterics