马克吐温生平

SamuelLanghorneClemens塞谬尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯MarkTwain马克·吐温EinsteinMarkTwainBirthDate:Nov.30,1835Place:Florida,MissouriWhenhewas4,hisfamilymovedtotheHannibal.FormerresidenceHannibalFamily•Hewasthesixthchildinsevenchildren•Father:poorlawyer•Mother:diedwhenhewas4•Amonghisbrothersandsisters,onlythreesurvivedafterchildhood.(brotherOrionClemens,sisterPamelaandbrotherHenryClemens).•Brother:Pleasant,diedbeforehewasbornthreemonths.•Sister:Margaret,diedwhenhewas4.•Brother:Benjamin,diedthreeyearslater.WhenTwainwas11,hisfatherdiedofpneumonia（肺炎）.•Heleftschoolat12andbecameafull-timeapprentice（学徒）toaprinter.•At16,hebecameacompositor(排字工人）andcontributedtoHannibalJournal,whichwascreatedbyhisbrotherOrion.•At18,heleftHannibalandbecameatramp（流浪者）printer.•MarkTwaingotbacktoMissouriat22andgotthenavigator(领航员）licensethroughhiseffortsat24.Duringthisperiod,hepersuadedhisbrotherHenryworkintheMississippiriverwithhim.•Henrydiedon1858,June21becauseofthesteamboatexploded.Twainfeltalotguiltandthoughtheshouldresponsibleforit.Sohehadalwaysbeenanavigatoruntilthecivilwarbrokeoutin1861.thebirthof“MarkTwain”“MarkTwain”whichmeans“watermarktwo”,wasacallusedbysailorsontheMississippitowarmshipmatesthattheywerecomingintoshallowwater.他的笔名马克•吐温就取自船工生活：mark是“测标”，twain为“两英寻（合12英尺）”，“测标两英寻”说明仍是安全水位。Hebecameaminerinthesilver-miningtownofVirginiaCity.ThenheworkedforanewspaperinVirginiaCityCareerasajournalist•Meanwhile,hestartedtomakespeech.•HisfirstspeechwasinHawaii.•DuringhistriptoEuropeandtheMiddleEast,hewrotefamoustravelletterseriesInnocentsAbroad.•Atthattime,hesawthepictureofOliviaLangdonClemens,andfellinlovewithheratthefirstsight.•Theymetin1868andmarriedin1870.OliviaLangdonClemens•Theyhadthreedaughters.•Infact,theyhadasonearlier,buthediedofdiphtheria（白喉）in19months.Thecouple'smarriagelasted34years,untilOlivia'sdeathin1904.•Twainmadealotofmoneybypublishinghisworks,buthisimproperinvestmentwastedhismoney.Thenhewentbankrupt.•HisfriendHenryRogerhelpedhimsolvethefinancialdifficulties.•Heavilyindebt,hebegantomakeglobalspeechandsucceededinpayingallhisdebts.1910diedofaheartattackMarkTwain’sAutobiography