武术释义——武术本质及其功能价值体系的阐释

北京体育大学博士学位论文武术释义——武术本质及其功能价值体系的阐释姓名：李印东申请学位级别：博士专业：民族传统体育指导教师：朱瑞琪20060316319203045AbstractAlwayspresentingitselfinthe5,000yearsofChinesecivilization,WushuhasplayedaveryspecialroleintheChinesenationalhistory.ItconsistsoftheChineseancestors’priciplesoflifeandalsotheessenceoftheChinesetraditionalphilosophyandthusitbecameaverycomplicatedanddiversifiedsystemandaspecialculturalphenomenoninthechinesehistory.AftertheOpiumWar,themilitarymarsialartswasgraduallytakenplacebythefirearmsinthewar,however,Wushudevelopedonitsowntrackamongfolks.Inthe1920sand1930s,duetothestreaminginofthewesternathletics,therewasadebatenamedas“thenationalathleticsvstheforeignathletics”,whichwastheturingpointinthedevelopmentofWushu.Undertheinfluenceofthescientizationofthewesternathletics,WushujoinedtheChinesemodernathleticswiththenewfeaturesandislovedbypeopleallovertheworld.Nevertheless,withthefastrisingofthecontemporaryChineseathletics,theproblemsarousedfromtheunreconcilableconflictingforcesintheWushudevelopmenthavebecomemoreandmoreserious.Thepredicamentsintheoryandtheconflictsinrealityforcesustomeditateoversuchquestionsas:WhatistheinnatecharacterofWushu?WhatistherootofthosepredicamentsinthepracticeofWushu?HowwillWushudevelopinthefuture?“Ascertainthehistoryandyou’llknowthesomethingthoroughly”.ThisisasayingfromThreeWordCanon,whichmeansthatifyouwanttopredictthefuture,youmustknowaboutthepast.Toanswerthequestionsabove,wemusttrytofindoutcarefullyhowWushuculturehasdevelopedfromtheunadequatehistoricalrecordsandsummarizethedynamicforceandevolutionlawsinWushudevelopment.ThisessaybeginsfromthestudyofWushu’sinnatecharacter,andbymakinguseofthelogicalandhistoricaldemonstrativemethod,byreferringtotheachievementsofthemodernculturalandsocialstudy,byanalyzingandcomparingthehistoricalrecords,bymakingboldassumptionsandcarefulverification,wecangraduallyformatheoreticalsystemwhichtakestheterm“Wushu”asthelogicalstartingpoint,thefunction-valuesystemastheframe,andtheindividual,thecommunalandthenationallevelsasthebasisoftheneedsforWushu.Inthisway,Itrytoreachtheaimof“describingthepast,explainingthepresentandpredictingthefutureofWushu”.Theessayconsistsofthefollowingparts:First,thedefinitionoftheterm“Wushu”.Adefinitionisboththesummaryandgeneralizationofwhatweknowinthepastandthestartingpointoffurtherstudyandofacquiringnewknowledge.NowWushuisthepartofthechinesemodernsports.Accordingtothisfact,IhasdividedtheconceptofWushuintothebroadsenseoneandnarrowsenseone.(thebroadsenseone)Wushu,whichwasnamedas“Militaryarts”,“Kongfu”or“Nationalarts”,istheindividualdefenceactivitywhichtakesthefightingskillasthecontentsofpractice,thebodyandmindtrainingasthebasicmethodsandwhichwashandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationintheChinesehistory.(thenarrowsenseone)Wushu,whichalsowasnamedasWushusports,isanationalsportsgamewhichcomefromthetraditionalmilitaryartsandtakethefrightskillasthecontents.ItsformsshowasRoutingandSandaetc.“Everynewideainanyfieldofstudywillbringarevolutionofthetermsinthisfield”.ThisnewdefinitionismadeonthebasisofacarefulinvestigationofthehistoryofWushu,ofthesucceedingofWushucultural,ofthelogicalrelationshipbetweenWushuandsport,andofthephilosophyofWushuinnatecharacter.ThenewdefinitionforthefirsttimegetsridofthefettersoftheoldconceptsandtriestorestoresahistoricaltruthforWushu.Second,theresearchofthefunction-valuesystemofWushu.Whenexplaininga6socialphenomena,wemustdistinguishtheadequatereasonofthephenomenonfromthefunctionofthephenomenon.Thefunction-valuesystemofWushuhasthefeaturesofcomplexity,varietyandmulti-levelness.AccordingtothedifferentvaluesofWushuevaluatedbytheindividuals,communities,andthewholenation,thisessayconcludes:ThedefencefunctiondeterminestheexistenceofWushuinhistory;ThecontemporarysocietyrequiresthatWushuconvertintosport;Theneedofbody-traininginWushuhaschangedthebarycenterofthefunction-valuesystemofWushu;WushucultureisthecorevalueofWushuandthebondoftheinheritanceandspreadofthetraditionalandnationalculture;EducationisthefundamentalmethodandthedestinationofrealizingthevalueofWushu.Wushu,whichcharacterizesinfightingamongindividuals,emergedearlierthanthemilitarygroups.Withthesophisticationofthesocialdivisionsofthelaborersandtheappearanceofthesystemoftheprivateownership,theclasssocietycameintobeing.Wushuinitsearlyperiodprovidedthematerialfundationsforthemilitarygroupswhichappearedlater,suchastheprimitiveweapons,fightingskillsandthewarriors.Inthecoldweaponage,Wushuandmilitarygroupsmingledandpenetratedeachotherwiththetwoforcesrunninginparellelwithoutconflicts.Withtheexpansionofthescaleandthechangesintheformofwar,Wushuandthemilitarygroupswereseparated.Afterthefirearmswerecommonlyusedinthewar,themilitarymartialartsretreatedfromthebattlefields.Withthecomingoftheindustrialcivilizationandthethelegalsociety,thetraditionalfolkWushulostthesoilforexistingandspreading.TheconversionofWushuintosportisthechoiceoftheepochandthechoiceofthehistory.Itisthenon-shirkabledutyfortheworkersinthefieldofWushutocriticallyinheritandspreadWushuculturewhichisapartofthetraditionalandnationalculture.H