社会现实论文：社会现实·秩序·价值理念

社会现实论文：社会现实·秩序·价值理念【中文摘要】我国作为后发国家在现代化早期,就已展开了威权主义治理模式的实践,改革开放后,农村建设中也尝试作了多年的“基层民主”探索,但所有这些似乎对于农村与农业的现代化进程助益不大,农村问题依然是摆在我们面前的一大社会问题,当下农村治理模式正面临着新的转型压力。在新一轮的农村基层社区治理模式的探索中,我们应反省以往治理模式中所具有的政治与行政强控制特点,应破除当前对“民主选举”的迷信,寻找一条从政治与行政强控制向培养农村基层社区提升自身自治能力,达成最后自治的过渡道路。本文以社会主义市场经济和中国的现代化为大的,采用的是定性研究的方式,主要采用个案研究与文献研究相结合的方法。笔者在哈耶克“自发扩展的秩序”路径指引之下,借鉴梁漱溟乡村建设理论中的方法论,提出一个我们对乡村治理状况进行观察、分析的理论框架,并在此基础上对威英政府的乡村治理模式作一新的解读,希望能够为我们当下农村治理困局的突破寻找到某种治理思路与方法上的启示。威英政府对当地农村的治理,向我们展示了如何在外来治理理念与中国农村传统资源之间寻求平衡。英国殖民者进驻威海卫之后,将英国带有较强自治色彩的乡村治理理念带到了威海,在保留威海卫乡村自我治理传统的基础上,形成了独具特色的乡村治理模式,并且取得了相对较好的治理效果。尽管如何解读这份答卷也许还会存在争议,但英国人的这一尝试的确为我们今天借鉴西方治理经验,反思与探索我们自己乡村治理模式提供了一个不可多得的个案。应该说,它给我们提供的不是治理形式上的借鉴,而是给予我们方法论上的启发——对我们治理思维的反思,对自身治理哲学的追问。文章论述主体分为分为五个章节。第一章是对哈耶克“自发扩展的秩序”的阐释,对建构理性主义的反思,并借鉴梁先生的观点提出我们自己的理论框架,即社会现实、秩序与价值理念三者之间关系如何来达成动态平衡的假说。第二章从静态角度,结合传统中国乡村的乡绅自治与英国的地方自治传统及其殖民特征,对英租威海卫时期的乡村治理模式进行了粗略的勾勒。在第三章中,我们利用我们提出的理论框架,对英租威海卫时期乡村治理模式的发展演变进行了动态的分析。第四章,我们从功能角度建立了四个评价标准——传承、连续、效率和秩序,并用这一标准体系对威英政府在当时威海卫乡村的治理效果进行评估,并以此来验证我们所构建的理论假说。第五章,我们从威英政府治理威海卫乡村的经验中看到,现代化发展与中国传统乡土社会之间没有一道不可逾越的鸿沟,并以此就当下具有中国特色的乡村治理模式提出一些具有普遍意义的建议。我们认为,我国的乡村治理应该注意以下几点：一、在推动政治发展时特别要注意的便是制度转变的灵活性、过程性与创新性,在与本土政治文化结合与发展的基础上,寻求秩序的“自发扩展”；二、要做到因地制宜,注重地区差异；三、应该培育与发展乡村精英,充分发挥他们在乡村自治中的作用；四、在乡村自治的大目标下,关注具体模式具有的功能而不是它的形式。【英文摘要】Chinawhichisalate-developingcountryhasputtheauthoritariangovernancemodeintopracticeinitsearlymodernization,and“grassrootsdemocracy”modeinthecountrysidehasbeentriedforseveralyearsaftertheReformationandOpening.Butallofthesehavelittleeffectonthemodernizationofthecountrysideandagriculture,theruralproblemisstillaimportantsocialproblemthatliesahead.Thereforethecurrentruralgovernancemodesarefacingthepressureoftransformation.Inthenewroundofexplorationofgrassrootsdemocracycommunitygovernancemode,weshouldself-examinethepoliticalandadministrativeintensitycontrolinformergovernancepatterns,keepawayfromtheblindbeliefin“democraticelection”andfindainterimwaythatleadstocultivatingandimprovingtheabilityofself-governanceinruralbasic-leveldemocracycommunity,achievingthefinalself-governancefromthepoliticalandadministrativeintensitycontrol.BasingonthebackgroundofthesocialisticmarketeconomyandthemodernizationofChina,thisthesisadoptsqualitativeresearchmethods,includingacombinationofthecasestudyandtheliteratureresearch.Inthisthesis,GuidedbyHayek’s“spontaneous-expandingordertheory”,theauthorusesthemethodologyinLiangshu-ming’s“ruralconstructiontheory”forreferenceandputsforwardatheoreticalframeworktoobservationandanalysisthestateofruralgovernance.Basedonthese,theauthorattempttoformanewinterpretationoftheruralgovernancemodelinWeihaiweiduringBritishcolonialperiod,andhopethattheauthorcanfindsomeenlightenmentsofgovernanceideasandmethodsforthebreakthroughofourpresentruralgovernancedilemma.ThelocalruralgovernanceinBritishConcessionsofWeihaiweishowsushowtoseekbalancebetweenforeignmanagementideaandchineseruraltraditionalresources,Britishcolonistbroughtintheruralgovernanceideawhichhasstrongerself-governancecolouraftertheyhaveinvadedandoccupiedWeihaiwei.Basedonthelocalself-governancetradition,theyformeduniqueruralgovernancemodeandfinallytheyhadarelativelywellgovernanceeffect.Argumentabouthowtoexplainthiscasemaystillexist,buttheattemptoftheBritishprovidesauniquecaseforourreferencetousewesterngovernanceexperience,seft-examineandtoexploretheruralgovernancemodeinChina.Aboveall,thiscaseprovidesusnotonlytakingexamplebygovernanceform,butalsotheinspirationofmethodologywhichisthereflectionofourgovernancethoughtandthequestioncloselytoourgovernancephilosophy.Themaincontentofthisthesisisdividedintofivechapters.ThefirstchapteristheinterpretationofHayek’s“spontaneous-expandingorder”theory,theself-examinationofconstructiverationalism,usingMr.Liangviewsasreference,atheoreticalframeworkisputforward:thehypothesisofhowtoachievethedynamicbalanceamongsocialreality,orderandvalueprinciple.Inthesecondchapter,combiningtraditionalChinesesquireself-governanceandBritishlocalautonomyaswellasitscolonialcharacteristic,fromthestaticperspective,theauthorroughlyoutlinesruralgovernancemodeinBritishConcessionsofWeihaiwei.Inthethirdchapter,theauthorusesthetheoreticalframeworktodynamicallyanalysestheevolutionofvillagegovernancemodeinBritishConcessionsofWeihaiwei.Fromthefunctionalperspective,thefourthchapterestablishesfourevaluation:inheritance,continuation,efficiencyandorder.ThentheauthorusesthesestandardstoevaluatetheeffectofruralgovernanceinBritishConcessionsofWeihaiwei,inordertoverifythetheoreticalhypothesiswhattheauthorconstructs.Inthefifthchapter,fromtheexperiencesofruralgovernanceinBritishConcessionsofWeihaiwei,weconcludethatthereisnoimpassablegulfseparatingthedevelopmentofmodernizationfromtherusticsocietyinChinatradition.Andbythis,somegeneralsuggestionsareputforwardtocurrentruralgovernancemodewithChineseCharacteristics.Inouropinion,ourcountry’sruralgovernanceshouldpayattentiontothefollowingfoursides:firstly,whenthepoliticaldevelopmentispromoted,weshouldpayspecialattentiontotheflexibility,processandinnovativeofinstitutionaltransformation.Thepoliticaldeve