第五章环境资源价值论XXXX-web

env-econ--byshiqiuzhangenv-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup2ÔÔ2004env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup3Ô20041110Ô111010.27ÔÔÔÔÔÔÔenv-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup4ÔNovember9,2004ÔEDITORIALÔSavingShangri-LaÔprogressinChinaisnoteasytochart.Everystepforwardseemstobepairedwithamoveback,inthedirectionofthehardCommunistpast.Thispatternofadvanceandretreatrequiresconstantanalysistodeterminewhetherthenationismoving,evengenerally,intherightdirectiontowardmorefreedom,betterlawsandacleanerenvironment.Morerecently,therehavebeenaseriesofsetbacks-thebridlingofInternettraffic,thearrestsofjournalists,includingaNewYorkTimesresearcher,theuphillbattleoffarmerstryingtoholdontotheirlandagainstthosewhoaregreedyfordevelopmentorcheapelectricity.OnepositivesignhasbeentheopeningofapublicdebateoverwhethertodestroyTigerLeapingGorge.ThatdebateisastepbeyondasimilardebateovertheThreeGorgesDam-afighttheenvironmentalistslost.IfHuJintao,China'spowerfulleader,islistening,heandhisgovernmentwillheedthecallsoftheenvironmentaliststhistimeandpreserveTigerLeapingGorge,aagnificentnaturalphenomenon,savinganimportantpartofChina'sculturalandecologicaleritageforfuturegenerations.env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup5ÔThegorge,oftensaidtobethedeepestintheworld,issometimesreferredtoasChina'sGrandCanyon.Othersarguethatthetwo-mile-deepravineisthereallocationforShangri-La,amagicalandpeacefulplacedescribedinthe1933novelLostHorizon.Inreality,theareaisaUnescoWorldHeritagesitethatisinhabitedbyanestimated100,000people.AmongthosefarmersandtribalcommunitiesaretheNaxi,whopracticeararematriarchaltraditionandpreserveanancientformofhieroglyphics.IftheysharethefateofthousandsofothersdisplacedbythousandsofotherdamsinChina,theywillsoonjointhesadarmyofChina'spooranddispossessed.Theargumentfordammingthistreasuredsiteisthatthearea,whichisnearTibet,needsmorewaterandChinaneedsmoreenergy.Formonthsnow,China'smanufacturingdistrictsintheeasthavesufferedblackouts,aproblemthathasgivenmoreclouttothosearguingformoredamsonriversliketheonenowroaringthroughTigerLeapingGorge.Suchargumentsareunderstandable,buttheyareshortsightedintheextremewhenitcomestothissite.ThisisoneofthefewunspoiledplacesinChina,adestinationforincreasingnumbersofChineseandforeigntouristsinrecentyears.China'senvironmentalmovementisstillemerging.Butthosewhowanttocleanuptheenvironmentandprotectwhat'sstilluntaintedaregrowinginnumber-asChinaenterstheinternationalmarketplace,asanexpandingmiddleclassbeginsdemandingabetterqualityoflifeandasthemediaandenvironmentalgroupsgivevoicetotheneedforprotectionsforChina'sair,waterandland.Mr.Huandhiscentralgovernmentshouldheedthosevoicestoensurethateconomicprogressdoesn'tdamagetheverypeopleandplacestheyshouldbeprotecting.ÔCopyright2004TheNewYorkTimesCompany|Home|PrivacyPolicy|ÔSearch|Corrections|RSS|Help|BacktoTopenv-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup6Ô“”“”env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup7ÔÔ1700Ô20042005¾200420002254920001380¾90705092004130020051600Ô1400Ô2004380375env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup8Ô“”1420041920052061000env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup9Ô“”¾¾2004268288¾3022¾200413746182004¾200599env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup10Ô¾1514645“”¾“”2000¾env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup11Ô2Ô3.5env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup12ƒƒƒƒƒƒenv-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup13Ôenv-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup14Ô¾Ô¾ÔÔÔÔÔÔ/env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup15Ô¾Ineconomicstheenvironmentisviewedasacompositeassetthatprovidesavarietyofservices.¾Itisaveryspecialasset,tobesure,sinceitprovidesthelifesupportsystemsthatsustainourveryexistence,butitisanassetnonetheless.¾Aswithotherassets,wewishtopreventunduedepreciationofthevalueofthisassetsothatitmaycontinuetoprovideaestheticandlife-sustainingservices.env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup16ÔÔTheenvironmentprovidestheeconomywithrawmaterials,whicharetransformedintoconsumerproductsbytheproductionprocess,andenergy,whichfuelsthistransformation.UltimatelytheserawmaterialsandenergyreturntotheenvironmentaswasteproductsÔTheenvironmentalsoprovidesservicesdirectlytoconsumers.env-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup17TheeconomicsystemandenvironmentTheeconomicsystemandenvironmentenv-econ--byshiqiuzhangCopyright:Environmentaleconomicsandpolicystudygroup18MainusesoftheenvironmentandmainMainusesoftheenvironmentandmainimpactsimpactsÔInsummary,thenaturalenvironmenthasthreemainusestoman.Itprovides:¾essentiallife-supportservices(air,waterandbasicfoodsupplies),¾en