第十讲虚拟语气虚拟语气指说话者所说的话只是一种与事实相反的主观愿望,假设或建议等。虚拟语气可用于非真实条件句,名词性从句以及其他结构中。10.1非真实条件句中的虚拟语气非真实条件句也叫虚拟条件句,所表示的假设是完全不真实的,或不太可能实现的。10.1.1虚拟条件句的基本形式与现在事实相反的假设,从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或过去进行时,主句中的谓语动词用would/might/should/could+动词原形。例如:Ifheknewtheanswer,hewouldtellme.Ifyoutriedhardagain,youmightsucceed.2)与过去事实相反的假设,从句中的谓语动词用had+过去分词,主句中的谓语动词用would/might/should/could+have+过去分词。例如:Ifwehadfoundhimearlier,wemighthavesavedhislife.Ifyouhadworkedhard,youwouldhavepassedtheexam.3)与将来事实相反的假设,从句中的谓语动词有三种形式,即:过去式,should+动词原形,wereto+动词原形,主句中的谓语动词用would/might/should/could+动词原形。例如:Ifanythingshouldhappen,thenearestshipIcouldcontactwouldbe500milesaway.IfIweretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.10.1.2混合虚拟条件句一般来说,虚拟条件句中主句和从句所指的时间是一致的,但有时主句和从句动作发生不一致。在这种情况下,主句和从句的谓语动词就要根据各自所指的不同时间来选用适当的形式。例如:Ifyouhadnotgivenmealiftinyourcar,Iwouldnotbehometonight.IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thavemissedthefascinatingplaylastnight.10.1.3省略if的虚拟条件句正式文体中,若虚拟条件句的从句中含有were,had,should等助动词,可将它们提到主语前边,形成倒装,并省略if。例如:Werehetoleavetoday,hewouldgettherebySunday.HadIknownaboutit,Iwouldhavetoldyou.10.1.4含蓄虚拟条件句虚拟条件句中,从句有时并不以从句的形式表现出来,而是简化为介词短语,动词不定式短语,分词短语或通过连词,通过上下文来体现。虚拟条件暗含在with,without,butfor,under等介词短语中。Withbetterequipment,theycouldhavedoneitbetter.Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavesucceededintheexperiment.虚拟条件暗含在otherwise,or,but等连词中。Ioughttohaveboughtagiftforyou,butIwastoobusytodothat.Shewasn’tfeelingwell,otherwiseshewouldn’thaveleftthemeetingsoearly.3)虚拟条件暗含在不定式短语或分词短语中。Itwouldbewrongtotakethisintoconsideration.Thesamething,happeninginwartime,wouldamounttodisaster.4)虚拟条件暗含在上下文中。Wewouldhavesucceeded.(可能暗含ifwekepttrying)Iwouldacceptthisjob.(可能暗含ifIwereyou)10.1.5省去结果主句的虚拟条件句虚拟条件句如省去结果主句,常表示一种不可能实现的愿望。这种条件句常用ifonly来引导。例如:Ifonlyyouhadlistenedtomyadvice.IfonlyIwasinyourposition.10.2名词性从句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气可用在宾语从句,主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句等名词性从句中。10.2.1宾语从句中的虚拟语气1)表示建议,命令,要求等动词后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气,谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略。例如:Billsuggestedthateveryone(should)haveamap.Thegeneralorderedthatthetroops(should)withdraw(撤退)atonce.常这样用的动词有advise,recommend(推荐),propose,move(提议),ask,demand,desire,request,require,insist,urge,order,maintain(主张),prefer,decide,determine(决定)等。2)在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可以省略。例如:Ithinkitnecessarythathe(should)thinkdeeplybeforeacting.Iconsideritimperativethatameetingbeheldimmediately.这一句型中常用的作宾补的形容词有important,desirable(理想的),advisable(明智的),natural,urgent(迫切的),appropriate(适当的),strange,incredible(难以置信的)等。3)动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气,主要表示愿望。表示现在的愿望,从句用过去式。表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望,从句用过去完成式。表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,从句用would/should/could/might+动词原形。IwishIknewhisaddress.IwishyouhadcometoourNewYear’sparty.Iwishyouwouldstayalittlelonger.4)wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldprefer,mightaswell等句型中,后边所接从句也用虚拟语气,表示愿望,意为“宁可”,“但愿”,谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来的情况,用过去完成式表示事情已经发生。例如:Iwouldratherhepainteditwhite.(表将来)Hewouldrather(that)Ihadnotmethiswife.(表过去)5)动词think,believe,expect,suspect等的否定式或疑问式后边的宾语从句可用虚拟语气表示惊奇,怀疑,不满等。谓语动词用should+动词原形或should+动词完成式。例如:Shedidn’texpectthatIshouldhaveacceptedtheinvitation.Ineverthoughtthatsheshouldbesuchabravegirl.10.2.2主语从句中的虚拟语气Itis/was+形容词+从句结构中也可用虚拟语气来表示建议,命令,要求,失望,惊讶等。从句中谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可省略。例如:Itisnecessarythattheexperimentresults(should)bechecked.Itisnaturalthateverychild(should)haveitsmother.常这样用的形容词有advisable,appropriate,better,desirable,imperative,essential,important,vital,possible,preferable,strange,urgent等。10.2.3表语、同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议,命令,主张,要求,愿望等的名词后边的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求用虚拟语气,其形式为should+动词原形,should可省略。例如:Theproposalthathe(should)beinvitedwasrejected.(同位语从句)Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)tellthetruth.(表语从句)常这样用的名词有advice,decision,demand,desire,motion(提议),necessity,order,pray(恳求),preference(选择),proposal,recommendation,requirement,resolution(决心),suggestion等。10.3状语从句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气经常用在方式状语,目的状语,让步状语从句中。1)在asif/asthough引导的的方式状语从句中。表示与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用一般过去式;表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成式;表示将来的可能性不大,用would/might/could+动词原形。HestaredatmeasifIwereastranger.Ifeelasifwehadknowneachotherforyears.Shetalksaboutitagainandagainasthoughshewouldneverend.2)虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的运用。A.以inorderthat,sothat引导的目的状语从句中,为表示委婉,从句中的谓语动词有时用情态动词表示虚拟。例如:Ilivesothatothersmight/maylivebetter.Heisstudyingveryhardinorderthathecouldpasstheexam.B.以incase,lest,forfearthat引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形。例如:Itookanumbrellaforfearthatitshouldrain.Hereissomemoneyincasethatyoushouldneedit.3)虚拟语气用于让步状语从句中。A.为表示委婉,客气,在让步状语从句中,谓语动词有时用动词原形,或把连词省略,用倒装结构。例如:Whetherhiswordsbetrueornot,wemustbevigilant(警醒着的).Behesoldierorcook,weshouldhaveafuneralceremony.B.由whatever,whoever,however,whenever,nomatterwhat等引导的让步状语从句中谓语动词常用may+动词原形。Howeverharditmayrain,weshallhavetogo.Comewhatmay(=Whatevermaycome),wewillgoahead.10.4.其他要求使用虚拟语气的结构1)在Itis(high,about)timethat…句型中用虚拟语气,谓语动词用过去式。例如,Itishightimethatwetookactionstoprotectourenvironment.Itisabouttimethatyouwereinbed.2)某些形容词或起形容词作用的过去分词后加that从句,表示喜悦、惊讶、不安、失望、遗憾等情绪时,用虚拟语气。从句中谓语动词用should+动词原形或should+动词完成式。例如:Wearesurprisedthatheshouldhavedonesomuchinsuchashorttime.Iamsorrythatheshouldbeinsuchpoorhealth.IamgladthatyourbookshouldwintheNobelPrize(诺贝尔奖).