Unit 3英语词汇学 Word formation

(II)Shortening/abbreviationBack-formationOnomatopoeia（缩略法）A.Clipping（截短词）Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.1.Backclippings截除词尾2.Frontclippings截除词首3.Frontandbackclippings截除首尾4.Middleclippings截除词腰Givethefullformofthefollowingwordsandtellwhattypeofclippingwordsarethey.AdvertisementParachuteBicycleRefrigeratorMemorandumInfluenzaPeriwigExpositionCaravangymnasticsPhraseclippings:e.g.perm(permanentwave)pop(popularmusicorrecord)pub(publichouse)（首字母缩略词）Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase.Anintialismispronouncedletterbyletter.e.g.BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation)/`bi:bi:`si:/VIP(averyimportantperson)/vi:ai`pi:/)(theCentralIntelligenceAgencyoftheU.S.)ISBN(InternationalStandardBookNumber.)(Identification(card)).(orthefirsttwo)word,whilethesecondword(orthethirdword)isinthefullform.H-bomb(hydrogenbomb.)（首字母拼音词）Acronymsarethewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthansequencesofletters.e.gNATO(theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)/`neitəu/UNESCO(theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization.)/ju`neskəu/（拼缀词）Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.e.g.newscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch):telexteleprinter+exchange用户直通电报Pulsarpulse+quasar脉冲星Skylabsky+laboratory空中实验室biorhythm:biological+rhythm生理节奏masconmass+concentration质量密集(dawk:dove+hawk介乎鸽派和鹰派之间的中间人物）e.g.Thewholeareahavebeenturnedintoonehugeautopia.（autopia:auto+utopia轿车适宜行驶的地区）（逆生法）Back-formationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.e.g.typewritefromtypewritereditfromeditor（拟声法）TinkleTickGiggleMurmurbubble联觉词组：（p.91）gr--ump-ushfl-sl-Sn-(1)WordsFromProperNamesfromnamesofscientists,politiciansandstatesmentotrademarks,andplacenamesetc.e.g.watt,(JamesWatt)volt(AlessandroVolta)ohm(GeorgeOhm)pasteurize(LouisPasteur)(China)champagne(Champagne,France.)xerox,xeroxerandxeroxable(fromthetrademark---Xerox.)(2)Reduplicatione.g.tick-tickzigzagyo-yo(3)Somenewwordsarecoinedbyanalogy(类推法):earthquake-----youthquakeairpollution-----environmentpollutionhandbag-----armbag地出（从月球或太空船上所见地球仿佛从月球地平线上升的现象）futureshock-----cultureshocknightmare-----daymareIdentityCardVeryImportantPersonNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空和宇宙航行局TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageOrganizationofPetroleumExportCountriesStrategicArmsLimitationTalks限制战略武器会谈NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationFederalBureauofInvestigation:Explaintheformationandthemeaningofthefollowingblends:autocideautomobile+suicide撞车自杀altiportaltitude+airport高山短距起落机场balluteballoon+parachute减速汽球chunnelchannel+tunnel海峡隧道lunacastlunar+telecast登月电