跨国公司价值链的区位选择及其决定因素

*徐康宁陈健:不同类型跨国公司或跨国公司价值链内部各增值环节的区位选择受多种因素的影响,反映了FDI聚集的一些细致特征本文以中国样本为检验对象,揭示决定跨国公司价值链区位分布的主要因素在区位选择上,市场规模交通便利程度金融条件等对制造类跨国公司的影响度较大;研发类跨国公司对区域或城市的技术基础或人力资本通讯能力等较为敏感;营运类跨国公司与地理方位制度透明性和服务业发达程度关联紧密研究还表明,高端跨国公司在区位选择上对低成本劳动力这一重要因素并不敏感,这一结论和已有的许多研究结果并不相同:跨国公司价值链区位选择决定因素*,,:210096,:[e-mail];,(05BJL064),,(FDI),,FDI,,FDI,,,,,,?,,,,FDI,,,,,,;,:,;,,,,,138::,,,:;;,;,,;,(J.H.Dunning,1993,1998),,,(R.Vernon),(S.H.Hymer),(KiyoshiKojima),,(O)(L)(I),OLI,FDI,10,(),,HallJones(1999),,Gallup(1999),,FDI,Porter(2005),,SteinDaude(2006),:FDI,,,LiPark(2006)(2002)Hong(2007),LindaTuan(2003),,!,()CletusSegev(1991)FDI,,,FDI,(2005),FDI,,Birkinshaw(2005),(businessunitHQs)(corporateHQs),12535,,HiroyukiHideto(1996),,13920083,,,TeirlinckSpithoven(2005),,:(),,,,FDI,,FDI,,FDI,1.Corporateaffiliations.com1000,∀,,2006,(),;NASCI,,,,IBM,,,,,,,,,,(JonathanandMolly,2005),,,(,2005),,,,,,:,;,140:∀(TheNorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystem,NASCI),,,:,;,,,,,,,,NASCI313233,,,Hiroyuki(1996),,54()51(),,,,,NASCI42444548495253555681,,,,,,(ultimateparentname)614,()1172,793,176,203(),20,1,,2.,,;,,,,12,,,1114(,,),,,,,,,,,,214120083表1跨国公司价值链省际分布状况地区制造研发营运总计地区制造研发营运总计北京1446454262黑龙江2002天津461855安徽2002河北4004江西1001辽宁3901554河南5005上海2647377414湖北7119江苏7941295湖南3003浙江121518中部291131福建93315重庆1102山东212427四川122014广东1192223164贵州1001广西4004云南2002海南1102陕西5117东部7421712011114甘肃1001山西3003西部224127吉林6006合计7931762031172:2006表2跨国公司价值链城市层面投资分布状况城市制造研发营运总计城市制造研发营运总计上海2647377414南京122115北京1446454262厦门82212广州44101367成都102012天津461855沈阳7029深圳309443武汉7119苏州342541杭州4138大连2701340中山7007东莞150217佛山6017无锡150217西安5117青岛122317镇江5016:()2006,702170193,886%977%951%,,,,5,420,922%132%96%,333%415%379%,182%364%266%,,1.,,:,,:,,142:,,,,,,:,,,(KeithandJohn,1996),,,,,,:,,,,2.,,:(GDP),(Sabi,1988),,,,,(GDP),(WAGE),,,,(,2002),(WAGE),(DIS),FDI,,,∀(DIS),(,2006)14320083∀,(TRANSPROAD),,(BroadmanandSun,1997),(ROAD),Gong(1995),(TRANSP)150010001,0(INSTI),,,,(INSTI),,,,INSTI=1,INSTI=0(SERVICE),(1997),GDP(SERVICE)(SCISCIZONE),,(TeirlinckandSpithoven,2005),2002GDP(SCI)∀;,,,(SCIZONE)(COMMUNMAIL)(Gong,1995;He,2002),GongHe,(COMMUN)(MAIL)(SAVE),,,,,GDP,GDP(AVIATION),(GermandXavier,2005),,,,,,,2004,2003,,144:∀2002,,20031994(N)2002(M)2003,2002,,,,Tobit(Cletus,1999;Hiroyuki,1996)::CORP(province)=C+a1ln(GDPi)+a2ln(WAGEi)+a3ln(ROADi)+a4INSTIi+a5SERVICEi+a6SCIi+a7SCIZONEi+a8ln(MAILi)+a9SAVEi+a10ln(AVIATIONi)+:CORP(city)=C+a1ln(GDPi)+a2ln(WAGEi)+a3ln(DISij)+a4TRANSPi+a5INSTIi+a6SERVICEi+a7SCIZONEj+a8ln(COMMUNi)+a9SAVEi+a10ln(AVIATIONi)+:CORP(province),CORP(city);i,j;C;;ln∀26(),46,,,t,,,#,,,,(Tobit)(LM),(GLM)34,,,,,,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,14520083∀#,,,,,,GDPSCIZONE,0802;COMMUNGDPWAGE0915065,,AVIATION,,,11%,,,,,,,1%,表3跨国公司价值链省份投资区位分布决定因素分析制造研发营运方程∃方程%方程∃方程%方程∃方程%GDP2161**855**WAGE17792***7193***7688***ROAD42912397***INSTI517SERVICE24345***SCI108986***SCIZONE370***MAIL2674**1020***1136***SAVE153774**64157***AVIATION1043***C-38781***-167405***-14014***-69160***-61072***-73984***R2065070093073095078AdjustedR2059069091070094076DW188196Fstatistic992***5584***NUM262626262626:******1%5%10%,t,zNUMNUM,1%1%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,146:,,,,,,表4跨国公司价值链城市投资区位分布决定因素分析制造研发营运方程∃方程∃方程%方程&方程∃方程%方程&GDP534***1262***262***WAGE2316**237861***DIS-489**-187*-231**-166TRANSP619*INSTI1611311**1440***288***314***262**SERVICE152915612056**SCIZONE816***1008***792***COMMUN1138***278***SAVE1446**2299**2910***1813*C-1266-12408***-27997***-8346***-3678-419-8415***R2053076076079062056051AdjustedR2047073073077056050044DW139Fstatistic863***NUM44464646444444:******1%5%10%,t,zNUMNUM,,,1%,1%,,,,,,,,,,,,,14720083,,SAVESERVICE(06320579),,,,,,,,,,,FDI,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:,,,,2005:∋(,∋(1,2006:∋:(,∋(4,1997:∋(,∋(12,2005:∋(,∋(9,2002:∋(1983!2000)(,∋(5Birkinshaw,J.,etal.,2005,WhyDoSomeMultinationalCorporationsRelocateTheirHeadquartersOverseas,ElectronicWorkingPaperSeries,paperNo.54.Broadman,H.andSun,X,1997,TheDistributionofForeignInvestmentinChina,WorldEconomy,20:pp339!361.CletusC.C.andEranSegev,1999,ForeignDirectInvestmentinChina:ASpatialEconometricStudy,WorkingPaperSeries,1999!001A,http:econopapers.repec.org.Dunning,J.H.,1993,MultinationalEnterprisesandtheGlobalEconomy,Workingham:AddisonWesley.148:Dunning,J.H.,1998,LocationandtheMultinationalEnterprises:ANeglectedFactors?,JournalofInternationalBusinessStudies,29,pp.45!66.FarhadN.,etal,2001,HumanCapitalandFDIInflowstodevelopingCountries:NewEmpiricalEvidence,WorldDevelopment,29,pp.1593!1610.GallupJ.L.,etal.,1999,GeographyandEconomicDevelopment,InternationalRegionalScienceReview,22(2),pp.179!232.GermBel,andXavierFageda,2005,GettingThereFast:Globalization,IntercontinentalFlightsandLocationofHeadquarters,http:econopapers.repec.org.Gong,H.,1995,SpatialPatternsofForeignInvestmentinChina)sCities,1980!1989,UrbanGeography,16:pp189!209.Hall,R.E.andCharlesI.Jones,1999,WhyDoSomeCountriesProduceSoMuchMoreOutputPerWorkerThanOthers?,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,114(1),pp.83!116.He,C.,2002,InformationCosts,AgglomerationEconomiesandtheLocationofForeignDirectInvestmentinChina,RegionalStudies,36:pp1029!1036.Hiroyuki,O.,andHidetoYasuda,1996,TheDeterminantsofO