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Unit1CommunicationAcrossCulturesneedforinterculturalcommunication:Newtechnology;Innovativecommunicationsystem;Globalizationoftheeconomy;Changesinimmigrationpatternsmajorsocio-culturalelementsinfluencecommunicationare:culturalvalues;worldview(religion);socialorganization(familyandstate).behavior:gestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch(Chinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.)4.SixstumblingblocksinInterculturalcommunication(1)Assumptionofsimilarities(2)Languagedifferences(3)Nonverbalmisinterpretations(4)Preconceptionandstereotypes先入之见刻板印象(5)Tendencytoevaluate(6)HighanxietyUnit2CultureandCommunication1.CharacteristicsofCulture:Cultureislearned;Cultureisasetofsharedinterpretations;CultureinvolvesBeliefs,Values,andNorms(规范，准则);CultureAffectsBehaviors;CultureinvolvesLargeGroupsofpeople2.Culturalidentity文化身份referstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.Peopleconsciouslyidentifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct.3.CharacteristicsofCulturalIdentity：Culturalidentityiscentraltoaperson’ssenseofself.Culturalidentityisdynamic（动态的）.Culturalidentityisalsomultifaceted（多方面的）componentsofone’sself-concept.4.Interculturalcommunicationdefined:Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.5.Elementsofcommunication:Context;Participants;Message;Channels;Noise;FeedbackUnit3CulturalDiversity1.DefineworldviewandreligionWorldview:dealswithaculture’smostfundamentalbeliefsabouttheplaceinthecosmos（宇宙）,beliefsaboutGod,andbeliefsaboutthenatureofhumanityandnature.Religion:referstobeliefinandreverenceforasupernaturalpowerorpowersregardedascreatorandagovernoroftheuniverse.Threemajorreligions:a.ChristianReligionsGroups（基督教的）b.Islam（伊斯兰教）c.Buddhism（佛教）nature:(1)?isevilbutperfectible(2)???isamixtureofgoodandevil(3)goodbutcorruptible(易腐化的)ofMantoNature:(1)???subjugationtonature(2)???harmonywithnature(3)masterywithnatureRelationship：Hierarchy;Group;IndividualDimensions:Hofstedeidentity5dimensionsindividualismvscollectivism;uncertaintyavoidance;powerdistance;masculinityvsfemininity;long-termvsshort-termorientation6.High-ContextandLow-contextCulturesAhigh-context(HC)—high-contextcultures(NativeAmericans,LatinAmericans,Japanese,KoreanandChinese):informationisoftenprovidedthroughgesture,theuseofthespace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliations)andthroughanindividual’sinformalfriendsandassociates.Alow-context(LC)—low-contextcultures(German,SwissaswellasAmerican)Forexample,theAsianmodeofcommunicationisoftenindirectandimplicit,whereasWesterncommunicationtendstobedirectandexplicit—thatis,everythingneedstobestated.Forexample,membersoflow-contextculturesexpectmessagestobedetailed,clear-cut,anddefinite.Thehigh-contextpeopleareapttobecomeimpatientandirritatedwhenlow-contextpeopleinsistongivingtheminformationtheydon’tneed.