搜索
1初中被动语态语法讲解(一)语态分类英语动词有两种语态.，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.()Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.()英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，动词的过去分词不变。列表如下：一般现在时：+done一般过去时：+done一般将来时：+done过去将来时：+done现在进行时：am/is/are+being+done过去进行时：was/were+being+done现在完成时：+done过去完成时：had+been+done将来完成时：shall/will+havebeen+done过去将来完成时：should/would+havebeen+done［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。2(三)常见的八种时态中的被动语态1.一般现在时：(1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceinthesouthofthecountry.(2)Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Weenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般过去时：(1)Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessons3.一般将来时：(1)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Cars.(2)Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobs.4.现在完成时：(1)Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.Ithesportsmeetingmightbeputoff.(2)Hehasbroughthisbookhere.Hisbookhere.(四）含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分3词”构成。(1)Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsafterclass.(2)Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanylettershim.(五)被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。“Mr.White,thecup（break）afterclass.”2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by短语。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.bemadeof、bemadefrom(六)主动语态变被动语态的方法（1）Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语→Itoherdinnerparty.主语谓语宾语4（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→intheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。(七)语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputer.2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多.V+sbsth=sbbeV-edsthMyunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Ionmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentmeonmybirthday.注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：5bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。(1)Thebooktheclass.(show)(2)Mybikeher.(lend)2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。(1)Anewskirtme.(make)(2)Themeatus.(cook)(3)Somecountrymusicus.(play)3.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather4.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构6中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：(1)Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroom.(2)Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→We.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heplaytheguitar.5.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.(×)Thequestion.6.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.（×）7.7.以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?Whowasthestorywritten?（×）?8.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：(1)Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。(2)Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。对比：Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalongtime.(被动句)9.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。(1)—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,it（feel）verysoft.(2)Thefood(taste)delicious.8(3)Thepopmusic(sound)beautiful.第二，谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等,不用被动语态。Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.误：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.误：Herhandwashadburned.第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.误：Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.误：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：ItaughtmyselfEnglish.误：MyselfwastaughtEnglish.Weloveeachother.9误：Eachotherisloved.10.在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：据说……Itissaidthat…据报导……Itisreportedthat…据推测……Itissupposedthat…希望……Itishopedthat…众所周知……Itiswellknownthat…普遍认为……Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…有人建议……Itissuggestedthat…1)Itisreportedthatitisgoingtoraintomorrow.2)ItiswellknownthatThomasEdisoninventedtheelectriclamp.