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1全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orDinthebrackets.(2%×10=20%)1.ThepurposeofChomsky’sdefinitionistofocusattentiononthepurely______propertiesoflanguage,andthesepropertiescanbestudiedfromamathematicallyprecisepointofview.A.lexicalB.grammaticalC.semanticD.structural2.Werefertothelimitedrangeofsoundsasthephonicmediumoflanguageandindividualsoundswithinthatrangeas______.A.vowelsB.consonantsC.soundsD.speechsounds3.A(n)______referstotheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.A.rootB.stemC.affixD.morpheme4.Allsentencesinalllanguagescanberepresentedbyconstituentstructuretrees,andallhavesyntacticrulesthatdeterminethelinearorderofwordsandtheir______structure.A.linearB.hierarchicalC.constituentD.syntactic5.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,a(n)______isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelementinasentence.（）A.argumentB.subjectC.objectD.predicate6.SpeakerA:Canyouanswerthetelephone?SpeakerB:I’minthebath.SpeakerBisviolatingthemaximof______.（）A.quantityB.qualityC.relationD.manner7.Newwordsmaybeformedfromexistingwordsbytheremovalofasuffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.Suchaprocessiscalled______,e.g.,caretakefromcaretaker.A.back-formationB.clippingC.blendingD.abbreviating8.Itisinsultingtoawomantobecalledaspinster,butitisnotinsultingtoamantobecalledabachelor.Thereisnothinginherently______aboutthewordspinster.Theconnotationsreflectthesexistviewssocietyhasaboutanunmarriedwomanasopposedtoanunmarriedman.A.importantB.unusualC.pejorativeD.commendatory9.Humanlinguisticabilitydependsprimarilyonhuman______.（）A.brainB.vocalcordsC.tongueD.articulatoryorgans10.Inthe______stage,childrenbegintoproducelongerutteranceswithmorecomplexgrammaticalstructures.（）A.prelinguisticB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multi-wordⅡ.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%×10=10%)11.Dlinguisticsisthesystematicdescriptionandelucidationofalllinguisticchangesthroughtime.Itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.Forexample,astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesincethetimeofShakespearewouldbeadiachronicstudy.12.Thephonemesofalanguagecannotbestrungtogetherinanyrandomordertoformwords.Thephonologicalsystemdetermineswhichphonemescanbeginaword,endaword,andfolloweachother,inotherwords,therearesrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.13.Morphologycanbedividedintotwosub-branches:inflectionalmorphologyanddmorphology.14.Syntaxconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.Itisuniversallyfoundthatsyntacticrulescompriseaspeaker’ssystemofilinguisticknowledgeknownaslinguisticcompetence.15.Pairsofwordswhichexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthelexicalitemsarecalledropposites.16.Pragmaticsandsemanticsarebothlinguisticstudiesofm,butwhatdistinguishesthemiswhetherthecontextofuseisconsidered.217.InOldEnglishthewordorderisdifferentfromthatofModernEnglish,andtherearetwonegatives,“ne”(“not”)and“næfre”(“not”+“ever”=“never”).SodruleisoneofthegrammaticalrulesinOldEnglish.18.Whenapidgincomestobeadoptedbyacommunityasitsnativetongueandislearnedbychildrenastheirfirstlanguage,itbecomesc.19.Thecagefortheacquisitionofthefirstlanguagecoincideswiththeperiodofbrainlateralization.20.Insecondlanguagelearning,instrumentalmotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalisf,andintegrativemotivationoccurswhenthelearner’sgoalissocial.III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.（2%×10=20%）21.（）Languageisarbitrarybynature.Anditisentirelyarbitrary.22.（）Inproducingstopsorplosives,theobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,withtheobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagain,suchasEnglishstops[p]and[t]inpit.Inproducing[p]and[t]theflowofairisblockedthroughthemouthonly.23.（）Fromthesemanticpointofview,themeaningofacompoundisalwaysperceivedfromthemeaningsofitscomponents.24.（）Accordingtothe“principles-and-parameters”theory,“principles”refertohighlyabstractpropertiesofgrammarwhichareappliedtolanguageingeneralandwhichgeneratephrasesandatthesametimerestrainthepowerofMovea,while“parameters”allowgeneralprinciplestooperateincertainrestrictedways,accordingtowhichparticulargrammarsofnaturallanguagesvary.25.（）Indiscussingthesenserelationsbetweensentences,YisaprerequisiteofX.SoifYistrue,Xmustbetrue.26.（）AccordingtoAustin’sclassificationofperlocutionaryacts,speechactsfallintofivegeneralcategories,whicharerepresentatives,directives,commissives,expressivesanddecalrations.27.（）ForsomespeakersofAmericanEnglish,thewordaskispronounced[æks],butthewordaskingispronounced[æskIŋ].ItisinterestingthatinOldEnglishtheverbaskwasaksian,withthe/k/precedingthe/s/.Thismeansthatahistoricalmetathesisruleswit