大学英语四级写作

大学英语四级写作段落写作一、段落结构主题句(topicsentence)发展句(developingsentence)结论句(concludingsentence)1、段落的总体结构：主题句发展句1发展句2发展句3………..结论句2、ModelDiligenceisthekeyfactorofsuccess.①Diligencegiveseverypersonproperworktodo.②Manymenhavebecomegreatbecauseoftheirhardwork.③Diligencecanmakeafoolishpersonwiseandapoormanrich.Thus,weknowthatdiligenceisimportanttoourworkandlife.3、段落的结构特点•一个段落只有一个主题。•主题句一般应放在句首。•所有的发展句必须服务于段落主题句。•如有必要，以结论句重述段落的主题，但在用词上，结论句不宜与主题句重复。我们作文中段落的结构错误•1.主题句缺失.•2.发展句不支持主题句.•3.结论句和主题句相同.•4.发展句重复.•1.Asamatteroffact,everycoinhastwosides.Forexample,manystudentsareaddictedtoonlinegamesanddon’tstudyhard.•2.I’dlikeyoutochoosecomputerscience.Computerissopopularinpresentsociety,youcanfindagoodjobifyoulearnit.Historyisalsoagoodmajor,youwillbecomelearnedifyouchoosehistory.•3.Inmyopinion,Ithinkweshouldsay“thankyou”toourparents,becauseyourparents…….SoIthinkweshouldsay“thankyou”toyourparents.•4.Thereareatleastthreereasonsforthisphenomenon.Ontheonehand,themaincauseliesinthatsomestudentsareveryshy.Eventhoughtheylovetheirparents,theydon’tknowhowtoexpress.Ontheotherhand,ourtraditionaleducationmakessomestudentsmoreconservative.二、段落的写作模式1、扩张2、收拢3、先扩张后收拢1、扩张扩张就是演绎（deduction).其写作模式为：（过渡词）发展句1主题句（过渡词）发展句2（过渡词）发展句3•Model1Infact,freshwaterontheglobeisquitelimited.Ontheonehand,thegrowingpopulationandrapiddevelopmentofindustrializationdemandmoreconsumptionoffreshwater.Ontheotherhand,sourcesoffreshwaterarereportedlypollutedduetoinefficientcontrolofindustrialandlifewaste.(199606CET-4)•Model2Therearetwokindsoffriendswhomweusuallycomeacross.Oneisgood,andtheotherisbad.Goodfriendswillrenderusassistanceinallaspects.Theywillhelpustodogoodwhilebadfriendswilltemptustodotheopposite.(200101CET-4)2、收拢收拢又叫归纳（induction),其写作模式为：（过渡词）发展句1（过渡词）发展句2（过渡词）结论句（过渡词）发展句3•ModelThesunwasslowlyrisingintheeastandtheairwasfresh.Asthethincloudspreadapart,thesunshonebrighterandbrighter.Everyoneintheparkwasenjoyable.Takinganearlymorningwalkmakesamanhealthy.(198806CET-4)3、先扩张后收拢其段落的写作模式为：（过渡词）发展句主题句（过渡词）发展句结论句（过渡词）发展句•ModelManypeoplebelievethatatestofspokenEnglishisnecessary.ThereasonforthisisthatspokenEnglishisanimportantpartofthelanguage.OnlywhenapersonspeaksfluentEnglishcanhesayhehasagoodcommandoftheEnglishlanguage.Therefore,atestofspokenEnglishshouldbedevisedtoassessone’sabilityinspokenEnglish.三、如何写好主题句1、四级短文考试中主题句的类型•直接给出英语段首句•只给出汉语提纲，要求考生根据这些汉语提纲提炼英语的段落主题句2、如何根据汉语提纲提炼主题句Model1汉语提纲（1）书有很多种而且内容各不相同(2)书是我们的老师(3)然而读坏书也会有害处•Model1英语主题句(1)Therearevariouskindsofbooksandtheircontentsaredifferent.(2)Booksareourteachersandreadingbooksmayenrichourknowledge.(3)Somebadbooks,however,maygivenothinggoodtotheirreaders.•Model2汉语提纲（1）城市绿化的现状（2）绿化的好处（如：清洁空气、美化城市、改善气候等）（3）怎样才能实现绿化•Model2英语主题句(1)Atpresent,peopledonotpayenoughattentiontomakingtheircitiesgreen.(2)Makingcitiesgreenerwillimproveourenvironment.(3)Peopleshouldplantmoretreestomaketheircitiesgreener.•根据汉语提纲提炼主题句的注意事项（1）主题句必须与写作提纲相一致，考生不能随意改变提纲中规定的内涵。（2）在切题的前提下，可对其内涵做出具体的界定，以便于拓展。（3）具体的表述不必过于拘泥于汉语的字面意思，避免中式英语。我们的问题:•1.作文字数过多.•2不完全按照提纲写作.•3.中国式英语很普遍.•1.Theinternetcanbeaddictedbyadolescentsorevenadults.Notonlysurfingthenet,butalsoplayingonlinegames.•2.Theydon’tthinkthisbehaves,suchassay”thankyou”toparents,aretheirduty.•3.Comparedwithcomputer,thoughthenumberoflearninghistoryisfew,sothecompetitionisnotintense.Itismoredifficulttofindjob.•4.Nothingandnowherecanwithoutthem.•5.Internethasgoodandbad.•6.weuseitwhereverandwhenever.•7.Ireadoveryourletter.•8.saying“thankyou”toparentsisn’thaveto.•9.Saythankyouasifmakerelationshipbecomefarther.•练习：根据汉语提纲提炼主题句•练习1（1）失败是常有的事（2）人们对失败有各种不同的态度（3）我对失败的态度•练习2（1）为什么自行车在中国这样普及？（2）和汽车的比较（3）自行车在中国的前途四、如何写好发展句1、举例法2、因果法3、比较法4、定义法5、描写法•1、举例法所谓举例法就是通过举例来扩展段落的写作方法。这种方法用具体的事例来阐述主题的支配思想。展开支配思想所包括但尚未展开的内涵。•ModelBooksareofvariouskindsanddifferentcontents.Wehavehistorybooksrecordingpastevents,geographybooksdealingwiththeearth,mathematicsbooksfocusingonspaceandnumbers,languagebooksstudyingthemeansofcommunication,andliterarybooksreflectingsocialproblems.Inaword,wehavevariousbooksdealingwithdifferentthingsintheworld•使用举例法时所需注意的问题1）根据支配思想的要求，选择最贴切、最生动和最易于表达的例子。2）一般说来，一段文章举两到三个例子较为合适。3）举出若干实例来论述主题句的支配思想后，可用结论句概括实例所解释的主题。Don’thesitatetosayNoCET-4199901(别人请帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说不）Asageneralrule,peopleliketohelpothers,butthereareoccasionswhenyoushouldsaynotorequestforfavors.Forinstance,itisbettertorefusewhenachildasksyoufortoomuchsweetfoodortoomanytoys.Anotherexampleiswhenarelativeasksyoutouseyourinfluencetogethimorherabankloanoraworkpromotionheorshecan’tacquireinanormalway.•练习1：用举例法将下列主题句扩展成40-50词的段落1)Withpopulationincreasing,aseriesofproblemshavecomeup.2)Travelhasnumerousadvantages.2、因果法在说明文和议论文中，因果法是扩展段落最常用的方法之一。在使用这一方法时，既可在主题句中先给出结果(effect)，然后在发展句中陈述造成这个结果的原因(cause)；也可先在主题句中给出原因，再给出结果。Modeleffect-------causeDiligenceisthekeyfactorofsuccess.Why?Diligencegiveseverypersonproperworktodo.Manymenhavebecomegreatbecauseoftheirhardwork.Diligencecanmakeafoolishpersonwiseandapoormanrich.Thus,weknowthatdiligenceisimportanttoourworkandlife.因果法在四级短文中的具体运用1）在四级写作中，先说结果而后讲原因的段落更为常见，是考生尤其需要强化练习的内容。2）有些段落主题句比较含蓄（不直接），但暗示或预示下面要写原因。对此，考生要仔细分析判断。•Ex