高三英语解题策略(16)《阅读理解-篇章结构题》ppt课件

走向高考·英语路漫漫其修远兮吾将上下而求索人教版(课标卷地区)·高考总复习基础知识聚焦第一部分解题策略(十六)阅读理解之篇章结构题第一部分把握文章的基本结构有利于理解文章主题。在近几年的高考英语试题中出现了专门考查文章结构和写作手法的考题，如安徽卷中的任务型读写题、江苏卷中的任务型阅读题和湖南卷中的填空题就考查了考生对文章结构的理解。北京卷、陕西卷、重庆卷在近几年的阅读理解中也比较注重对文章结构的考查。在《考试大纲》中也明确要求考生“理解文章的基本结构”。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，二是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。命题形式：Whichofthefollowingshowstheorganization/structureofthepassage?Howisthepassageorganized?Thepassageismainlydevelopedby__________.Whatistherightorderofthestepsindoing__________？Thesecondparagraphisdevelopedby__________.应试策略：①把握全文的逻辑框架，理解段落与段落之间的逻辑关系。②理解段落内论点与论据，细节与主题之间的关系。③掌握常见的写作方法(时间顺序、空间顺序、例证关系、对比关系等)和结构(总——分、总——分——总、分——总等)。④结合不同文体全面考虑。[典例1](2013·陕西)Accordingtosociologists(社会学家),everymodernindustrialsocietyhassomeformofsocialstratification(阶层).Class,powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople'srankinsociety.Classmeansaperson'seconomicpositioninsociety.Acommonlyusedclassificationislowerclass,middleclassandupperclass.Whilesociologistsdisagreeonhowthesetermsshouldbeexactlydefined,theydodescribesocietiesliketheUnitedStatesquitewell.Onestudyshowsthat53%ofAmericansbelongtothelowerclass,46%themiddleclass,and1%theupperclass.Interestingly,asurgeonearning$500,000ayearandabusdriverearning$50,000ayearbothregardthemselvesasthemiddleclass!Powerreferstotheamountofcontrolapersonhasoverotherpeople.Obviously,peopleinpositionsofgreatpower(suchasgovernors)exercise(行使)bigpower,butpeoplewhotakeordersfromothershavelesspower.Powerandclassdonotalwaysgohandinhand,however.Forexample,thegovernorofastatehasgreatpower,butheorshemaynotbelongtoacorresponding(相应的)economicclass.Generally,however,thereisarelationshipbetweenpowerandclass.Toourknowledge,therearen'ttoomanypeoplewhoaren'tmillionairesintheU．S.Senate!Statusisthehonororrespectattachedtoaperson'spositioninsociety.Itcanalsobeaffectedbypowerandclass,butnotnecessarilyso.Forexample,auniversityprofessormayhaveahighstatusbutnotbelongtoahighsocialclassorhavealotofpoweroverothers.56．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?答案：A根据文章的结构来看，文章在第一段总述了“Class,powerandstatusareimportantindecidingpeople'srankinsociety.”，然后在其余三段分述，故选A。[典例2](2013·江西)Wheninternationalaidisgiven,stepsmustbetakentoensure(确保)thattheaidreachesthepeopleforwhomitisintended.Thewaytoachievethismaynotbesimple.Itisverydifficultforanationtogivehelpdirectlytopeopleinanothernation.TheUnitedNationsOrganization(UNO)couldundertaketodirectthedistributionofaid.Herehoweverrisestheproblemofcosts.Alsotiedwiththisistime.PerhapstheUNOcouldsetupabodyofdevotedmenandwomenineverycountrywhocanspeedilydistributeaidtovictimsoffloodsandearthquakes.Morethanthehelpthatonenationcangivetoanotherduringadisaster,itwouldbemoreeffectivetogiveotherformsofhelpduringnormaltimes.Acommonproverbsays,“GivemeafishandIeatforaday,teachmetofishandIeatforalifetime.”Ifwefollowthiswisesaying,itwouldberighttoteachpeoplefromlessdevelopednationstotakecareofthemselves.Forexample,acountrycouldshareitstechnologywithanother.Thiscouldbeinsimpleareaslikeagricultureorinmorecomplexareaslikemedicalandhealthcareoreveninbuildingsatellites.Evenasmallcountryisabletohelplessdevelopednations.Sometimeswhatistakenforgranted,likethesettingupofawaterpurificationplantortheadministrationofaschool,couldbeusefulforcountrieswhicharelookingabouttosolvecommonproblems.Itdoesnotcostmuchtosharesuchsimplethings.Exchangestudentscouldbeattachedforanumberofmonthsoryearsandlearntherequiredcraftwhileonthesite.Theycanthentaketheirknowledgebacktotheirhomelandsandifnecessarycomebackfromtimetotimetocleardoubtsortoupdatethemselves.Suchaidwillbetrulyhelpfulandthereisnochanceofitbeingtemporaryorofitfallingintothewronghands....63．Thesecondparagraphisdevelopedmainly__________.A．byexampleB．byprocessC．bycomparisonD．bycontrast答案：A作者在第二段先引用一句谚语，然后通过例子来阐述。由此可以推断出第二段是通过举例子展开描述的。所以选A项。