如何写一篇文章的摘要?摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。第一步:阅读A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步:动手写作A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字。B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。E.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧:1)删除细节。只保留主要观点。2)选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。4)避免重复。在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。5)压缩长的句子。如下列两例:“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括为:”Hewasverybraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括为:“Hewasinfinancialdifficulties.”6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子:“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”可以概括为:”BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,aretodayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbettertransportationservices.”7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervocation.”可以概括为:”Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.”8)使用最短的连接词。比如,可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though,不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,becauseofthese,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusemuchtoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul—it’snotgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingcardboardorsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpastacookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.Shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguisesthetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtlethansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”可以用第三人称概括为:KatesuggestedtoPaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.ShethoughtthateatingtoomuchsaltwoulddohardtoPaul’shealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesoffood.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.第三步:修改成文草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改。首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们。第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后,保持语言简单明了。经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了。ThesummaryDefinitionThesummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.Givethegistoftheauthor’sexactandessentialmeaning.Asummaryshouldnotcontainanyinterpretationorcomment.Usesofsummarywriting(1)improvingreadingcomprehensionRequirescarefullyreadingConcentrationofattention(2)goodforcompositionwriting.expressone’sthoughtclearly,concisely.(3)Practicalusesforscientists,businessmen,lawyersetc.Procedures(1)reading1)Readthepassagethroughtogetthegist.2)Giveatitletoyoursummary.Topicsentenceatthebeginning/endofthepassage.3)Decideimportantpoints.4)takedownmainpoints-thesubject,title,andimportantdetails.(2)writing1)length.Summarybe1/4~1/3thelengthoftheoriginal.2)yourownwords,insteadofapatchworkfromtheoriginal.3)followthelogicalorderoftheoriginal.4)self-contained,fullyandclearlyconveythemessageoftheoriginal.5)compression:-omitthedetails.-reducetheexamples.-simplifythedescriptions.-eliminateallrepetitions.-compresswordysentencesandchangephrasestowords.e.g.Theyactedinamannerthatrenderedthemliabletoprosecution.→Theyactedillegally.-usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords.-usetheshortestpossibletransitions.Forexample,but,then,thus,yetandfor.-putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech.(3)revisionReviseyourdraft.Compareitwiththeoriginalandmakesure-ithasalltheimportantpointsitdoesn’thaveunnecessarywordsorphrases.thelanguageissimpleanddirect.ithasnomistakesinspelling,grammar,punctuation.