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1走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪既遂与未遂形态之探析［摘要］对走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪既遂与未遂形态的研究，在目前毒品犯罪案件高发的形势下显得尤为必要。因为不管是学术界还是司法实务界对该罪犯罪形态的认定与理解，莫衷一是，可谓是仁者见仁，智者见智。犯罪形态关乎量刑，关乎着刑法的正义功能实现。在走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪既遂与未遂形态区分上，涉及到刑法理论中犯罪目的说、犯罪结果说及犯罪构成要件齐备说等理论学说。其中，犯罪构成要件齐备说是通说，但笔者认为，该理论经实践检验，也是有缺陷的。笔者从三个学说的适应性及不足出发，认为应对“犯罪构成要件齐备说”进行改进，在此基础上阐明了以犯罪构成要件所涉要素齐备作为区分犯罪既遂与未遂的理论工具。本文重点探讨分析走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪犯罪既遂与未遂的有关问题，提出本罪既遂的标志问题。确定本罪既遂的标志问题，又牵涉到行为犯、结果犯、危险犯、举动犯的界定问题。笔者从本罪客观要件危害行为的特点、行为人犯罪的目的及打击毒品犯罪的形势和任务出发，认为本罪犯罪既遂类型属行为犯。但行为犯完成的标志是什么，行为完成到什么程度才属于本罪的既遂。笔者围绕此，进行了广泛的讨论。在讨论分析的基础上，笔者提出和阐明了本罪的既未遂标准，以供理论界和司法界参考。全文共分为两大部分，共六个问题。第一大部分为走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪既遂未遂之概述。共分为两个问题。第一个问题是“犯罪既遂与未遂的区分标准”，从犯罪未遂的概念出发，概括和归纳了理论界关于区分既遂与未遂的理论，并提出了“犯罪构成要件所涉要素齐备”作为区分犯罪与未遂的理论工具。第二个问题是“走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪既遂未遂之一般分析”。笔者从犯罪既遂的四种类型出发，论述本罪可区分既遂与未遂，并提出本罪属行为犯范畴。第二大部分具体从走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪选择的罪名出发，分走私毒品罪、贩卖毒品罪、运输毒品罪、制造毒品罪四个罪名部分进行论述。第一部分为走私毒品罪的既遂未遂认定。笔者认为本罪既未遂认定应区分通关和绕关，从海路、陆路和空路三种运输方式来分析既未遂问题。认为通关走私，以是否通关验放为标2准。非通关走私，陆路以越过边界线为准，海路、空路以越过领海、领空，并摆脱海关边境监管时为准。第二部分为贩卖毒品罪的既未遂认定。该部分为全文的重点。笔者从学说界的各种观点谈起，分析其长处和不足，并提出了自己的观点，即“出卖毒品实际交易说”，作为认定贩卖毒品罪既遂与未认定的标准，认为行为人的交易须是发生在毒品出卖阶段，并实际进入和完成毒品交易的，为犯罪既遂。该观点克服了以往观点的不足，符合毒品犯罪的形势及打击毒犯罪的实际需要。第三部分为运输毒品罪的既未遂认定，从该罪现有理论观点出发，笔者阐明了“目的地说”作为认定运输毒品罪既遂与未遂的标准。第四部分为制造毒品罪的既未遂认定，笔者在分析实践中制造毒品的行为特点出发，阐明了该罪既遂的认定标准。［关键词］毒品犯罪既遂未遂确认标准行为犯[abstract]tosmuggle,trafficin,transportormanufacturenarcoticdrugsandcrimeaccomplishmentintheformofattempted,drugcrimesofcurrentsituationisparticularlyimportant.Becausebothacademiaorjudicialpracticeoncrimeofcriminalidentification,academia,itisanyone'sguess.Crimepatternforthecriminallaw,thepenaltyfunctionofjustice.Smuggle,trafficin,transportormanufacturenarcoticdrugsandcrimeaccomplishmentforms,attemptedtodistinguishinvolvedinthetheoryofcriminallawandcriminalcrimeobjectivesaidthecriminalelementstheoryisthatsuchatheory.Amongthem,thecrimeelementsisready,buttheauthorthinksthatthetheoryandpracticeofthetestisdefective.Basedonthetheoryofthree,andinadequateresponseisthatcrimeconstitutions,sayonthebasisofthecriminalelementstoillustrateelementsinvolvedcrimeaccomplishmentisdistinguishedwiththetheoreticaltoolattempted.Thispaperanalyzessmuggle,trafficin,transportormanufacturenarcoticdrugsandcrimecrimeaccomplishment,andputsforwardtherelevantproblemsattemptedthissymbolofaccomplishment.Determineitsaccomplishment,thesymbolalsoinvolvesbehavioraloffence,thedanger,thedefinition,actcommitted.Basedonthisobjectiveelementsoftheharmofbehaviorcharacteristic,thedoerofcrimeanddrugcrimespurposeofthesituationandtaskofcrimeaccomplishment,thinkthistypeofbehaviorismade.Butthebehaviormadecomplete,whatisthesignof3thefinishedonlybelongtowhatextentitsaccomplishment.Theauthoraroundhere,hasbeendiscussedwidely.Inthepaper,onthebasisoftheauthorandexpoundsitsattemptedstandardforboththeoryandjudicialreference.Thedividedintotwoparts,sixproblems.Mostofthefirsttosmuggle,trafficin,transportormanufacturenarcoticdrugsandcrimeisattempted.Dividedintotwoquestions.Thefirstquestioniscrimeaccomplishmentanddistinguishstandard,thedoctrineoftheconceptofattemptedfromcrime,andsummarizesthetheoreticalaccomplishmentaboutdistinguishwiththetheory,andproposesattemptedacriminalelementsinvolvedincriminalelementswithcompleteasthetheoreticaltoolattempted.Thesecondproblemistosmuggle,trafficin,transportormanufacturenarcoticdrugsandcrimeisthegeneralanalysisattempted.Fromthecrimeaccomplishmentofthefourtypes,thearticlediscussesitsfundamentaldistinction,andputforwardthecrimceattemptedtobelongtoactcommittedcategory.Fromthesecondmostspecifictosmuggle,trafficin,transportormanufacturenarcoticdrugsofchoice,thecrimeofsmugglingdrugs,sellingpointsdrugs,transportormanufacturenarcoticdrugsdrugcrimescharges.FourThefirstpartfordrugsmugglingcrimeaccomplishmentattempted.Theauthorthinksthatweshoulddistinguishcrimcebothattemptedclearanceandcloseintwoways,fromthesea,landandhittingthreemodesoftransportationattemptedtoanalyzebothproblems.Fromthecrimeobjectiveelementsofbehavior,andconsiderthecharacteristicsintheactualsituationofdrug-relatedcrimes,clarifyandputsforwardtheaccomplishmentofthechoicebetweenconnected.Andthechoiceofwholebeingisattemptedfailedcognizanceeffectpresentedtheirviews.Ifthatsmuggling,customsclearanceforverifyingstandard.Thecustomsboundaryofsmuggling,land,withoverterritorialsea,withovertruck,andgetridofthecustomsandborderairspacewhileregulatory.Thesecondpartofthedoctrineissellingdrugcrimes.Thistextintofocus.Thetheoryofvariousviewsabout,analyzeitsadvantagesanddisadvantages,andproposedownview,namelysell,therealdealdrugsthatcrimeobjectivebehavior,thecrimeofactoroccursinthedrugtradeshallbetraystagesandactualenterand4completedrugtrafficking,forcrimeaccomplishment.Thisviewpointhasovercometheinsufficiency,accordwiththesituationanddrug-relatedcrimesagainstpoison.Thethirdpartisthetransportofdrugsfromcrime,neitherattemptedexistingtheories,theauthorillustratestheviewpointthatthatdestinationastransportdrugsaccomplishmentandattemptedstandard.Thefourthpartofthedrugsformanufacture,theauthorattemptedbothinpracticeofdrugmanufacturingbehaviorcharacteristics,illustratesthecrimeaccomplish