Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-1Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-2eleventhedition•定义领导者和领导•比较各种早期的领导理论•描述三种主要的领导权变理论•描述当代的领导观•讨论当代对领导产生影响的事项Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-3谁是领导者以及什么是领导•领导者:能够影响他人并拥有管理职权的人员•领导:领导者所做的事情;带领并影响某个群体以使其实现目标的一个过程•从理论上讲,所有的管理者都应当是领导者Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-4早期的领导理论•领导特质理论(20世纪20-30年代–研究主要致力于分离出领导者特质,但未获得成功–后来的领导研究确定了与成功的领导相关的7种特质:•内在驱动力;领导欲;诚实与正直;自信;智慧;工作相关知识;外向性Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-5图表17-1(455页)Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-6早期的领导理论(续)•行为理论–爱荷华大学的研究(库尔特·勒温)•确定了3种领导风格:–独裁型风格:集权,参与程度低–民主型风格:考虑下属员工,向员工授权,提供反馈–放任型风格:让群体以它自认为最合适的方式制定决策和完成工作•研究结论:错综复杂–没有哪种特定的风格总是能够导致更高的绩效–员工对民主型领导者而不是独裁型领导者感到更加满意Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-7行为理论(续)•俄亥俄州立大学的研究–确定了领导者行为的2个重要维度:•定规维度:领导者为实现目标而定义自己的角色及群体成员的角色的程度•关怀维度:领导者与群体成员建立相互信任的工作关系并尊重其意见和感受的程度Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-8俄亥俄州立大学的研究结论•高-高型领导者通常但并不总是会实现高水平的群体任务绩效和高水平的群体成员满意度•证据显示,情境因素似乎能够显著影响领导效力Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-9密歇根大学的研究•确定了领导者行为的2个维度:–员工导向:强调人际关系–生产导向:强调完成任务•研究结论:–员工导向的领导者与高群体生产率和高工作满意度显著相关。Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-10管理方格•利用以下2个维度来评估领导风格:•关注员工•关注生产•将管理风格划分为以下5个范畴:•贫乏型管理•任务型管理•中庸型管理•乡村俱乐部型管理•团队型管理Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-11图表17-2(456页)Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-12图表17-2(续)Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-13领导权变理论•费德勒模型–有效的群体绩效取决于两种因素的恰当匹配:一种因素是领导者的风格,另一种因素是对情境的控制和影响程度Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-14费德勒模型(续)•假设:–在不同类型的情境中,总有某种领导风格最为有效–领导者无法轻易改变自己的领导风格•挑选合适的领导者以与情境相匹配,或者改变情境以适应领导者Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-15费德勒模型(续)•最难共事者问卷–通过18组对照形容词来测量作答者的领导风格•分数高:关系导向的领导风格•分数低:任务导向的领导风格•领导者与情境进行匹配时的权变因素:•领导者-成员关系•任务结构•职位权力Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-16图表17-3(458页)Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-17领导权变理论•赫塞和布兰查德的情境领导理论–主张根据下属们的成熟度来选择合适的领导风格,从而实现成功的领导•接受:领导效力取决于下属们是接受还是抵制该领导者•成熟度:下属们完成某项具体任务的能力和意愿程度–随着下属们的胜任力变得越来越强,领导者必须放松管制,采用授权型风格Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-18情境领导理论(续)•在融合费德勒的2种管理维度的基础上,提出了4种特定的领导风格:–告知型:高任务导向-低关系导向–推销型:高任务导向-高关系导向–参与型:低任务导向-高关系导向–授权型:低任务导向-低关系导向Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-19情境领导理论(续)•下属成熟度的4个阶段:–R1:下属没有能力和意愿去完成某项工作职责–R2:下属没能力但愿意去从事必要的工作任务–R3:下属有能力但不愿意去从事工作任务–R4:下属有能力而且愿意去从事工作任务Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement,EleventhEditionbyStephenP.Robbins&MaryCoulter©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.publishingasPrenticeHall17-20领导权变理论(续)•路径-目标理论–认为领导者的工作是帮助下属实现他们的目标,并提供必需的指导或支持来确保这些目标与群体或组织的目标兼容–取决于具体情境,领导者会在不同的时候采用不同的领导风格:•指示型领导者•支持下领导者•参与型领导者•成就导向型领导者Copyright©2012PearsonEducation,Inc.PublishingasPrenticeHallManagement