chinese englishes

EditorialBoard:BasAarts,JohnAlgeo,SusanFitzmaurice,RichardHogg,MerjaKyt¨o,CharlesMeyerChineseEnglishesTheaimofthisseriesistoprovideaframeworkfororiginalworkontheEnglishlanguage.Allvolumesarebasedsecurelyonempiricalresearch,andrepresenttheoreticalanddescriptivecontributionstoourknowledgeofnationalvarietiesofEnglish,bothwrittenandspoken.TheserieswillcoverabroadrangeoftopicsinEnglishgrammar,vocabulary,discourse,andpragmatics,andisaimedataninternationalreadership.AlreadypublishedChristianMairInfinitivalcomplementclausesinEnglish:astudyofsyntaxindiscourseCharlesF.MeyerAppositionincontemporaryEnglishJanFirbasFunctionalsentenceperspectiveinwrittenandspokencommunicationIzchakM.SchlesingerCognitivespaceandlinguisticcaseKatieWalesPersonalpronounsinpresent-dayEnglishLauraWright(editor)ThedevelopmentofstandardEnglish,1300–1800:theories,descriptions,conflictsCharlesF.MeyerEnglishcorpuslinguistics:theoryandpracticeStephenJ.NagleandSaraL.Sanders(editors)EnglishintheSouthernUnitedStatesChineseEnglishesASociolinguisticHistoryKINGSLEYBOLTONThePittBuilding,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,UnitedKingdomTheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,CB22RU,UK40West20thStreet,NewYork,NY10011–4211,USA477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,AustraliaRuizdeAlarc´on13,28014Madrid,SpainDockHouse,TheWaterfront,CapeTown8001,SouthAfrica
KingsleyBolton2003Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.Firstpublished2003PrintedintheUnitedKingdomatUniversityPress,CambridgeTypefacesEhrhardt10/12pt.andMeliorSystemLATEX2ε[]AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryISBN0521811635hardbackContentsListofmapspagexListofillustrationsxiListoftablesxiiPrefacexiiiAcknowledgementsxvi1NewEnglishesandWorldEnglishes:pluricentricapproachestoEnglishworldwide12ThesociolinguisticsofEnglishinlatecolonialHongKong,1980–1997503Thearchaeologyof‘ChineseEnglishes’,1637–19491224TheemergenceofHongKongEnglishasa‘newEnglish’1975HongKong,ChinaandChineseEnglishes226Appendix1ChinesedialectsinChina259Appendix2ChinesedialectsinGuangdong(Canton)province262Appendix3TheYalesystemfortranscribingCantonese264Appendix4TheCommonForeignLanguageoftheRedhairedPeople(1835)266Appendix5ThevocabularyofHongKongEnglish288References298Index327ixMapsChinaandHongKongpagexviii2.1Thesevenmajordialectfamiliesdistributedbyprovince753.1MacaoandCantonintheseventeenthcentury1273.2China’streatyportsandothercentresofforeigntrade,1842–1916(withapproximatedatesoftheiropeningtotheWest)1605.1China’sChristiancolleges,c.1880–1952232Appendix1ChinesedialectsinChina260Appendix2ChinesedialectsinGuangdong(Canton)province263xIllustrations2.1‘There’snopointinbeingalmostBritish’,advertisementinSouthChinaMorningPost,3July1989page542.2ThepopulationofHongKong,1841–1996592.3CensusresultsforknowledgeofEnglishinHongKong,1931–2001872.4LanguagesurveysandknowledgeofEnglish,1983–931132.5Languagegroupings,1983–931133.1Mundy’sChinese1453.2TheengravingofaPortuguesemanfromTheMonographofMacao(1751)1673.3ThecoveroftheRedhairedglossary(1835)1713.4TongKing-sing–‘China’sfirstmodernentrepreneur’1773.5AChansonforCanton(Punch,10April1858)1875.1Drivingatrain(PEP1960:3)2485.2Papertiger(PEP1960:15)2495.3‘ChristmasDay’inarecentEnglishtextbook(PEP1992:54)2515.4‘How’reyoudoing?’Stillfromthe1999documentaryfilmCrazyEnglish,producedanddirectedbyZhangYuan2555.5‘ThePLAisgreat!’Stillfromthe1999documentaryfilmCrazyEnglish,producedanddirectedbyZhangYuan256xiTables1.1CurrentapproachestoWorldEnglishes(1960s–thepresent)page422.1Population,byplaceofbirth,1911–91602.2Chinesedialectgroupsbyregionandnumbersofspeakers742.3CorrespondencesbetweenthespokenandwrittenlanguageinCantonese802.4ChinesedialectsinHongKong822.5MinoritygroupsinHongKong892.6PhoneticloansfromEnglishintoHongKongCantonese1003.1EarlyAsianEnglish(Mundy1637)1403.2ChinaCoastvocabulary,1834–1920180A3.1CorrespondencesbetweentheYaleandIPAsystemsfortranscribingCantonese264A3.2ThetonesofCantoneseinYalenotation265xii1NewEnglishesandWorldEnglishes:pluricentricapproachestoEnglishworldwideEnglishisnolongerthepossessionoftheBritish,oreventheBritishandtheAmericans,butaninternationallanguagewhichincreasingnumbersofpeopleadoptforatleastsomeoftheirpurposes,withouttherebydenying...thevalueoftheirownlanguages.(Halliday,MacIntoshandStrevens1964:293)AworkingdefinitionofEnglishlinguisticimperialismisthatthedominanceofEnglishisassertedandmaintainedbytheestablishmentandcontinuousreconsti-tutionofstructuralandculturalinequalitiesbetweenEnglishandotherlanguages.(Phillipson1992:47)[T]hepluricentricityofEnglishisoverwhelming,andunprecedentedinlinguistichistory.Itraisesissuesofdiversification,codification,identity,creativity,cross-culturalintelligibilityandofpowerandideology.TheuniversalizationofEnglishandthepowerofthelanguagehavecomeat