2017考研指导：通过阅读学会英语词汇

2017考研指导：通过阅读学会英语词汇UnitoneElementarySchoolsinearlyAmericaWhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,spatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.Acuteforeignobserversrelatedamericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystem,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.Thedesignerandtheinventorareabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.robertfultononcewrote,Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatamericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.inventionn.1.发明,发明物2.捏造,虚构inventorn.发明家,发明者[联想词]inventoryn.1.详细目录2.存货清单breakthhroughn.1.突围,突破2.重大成就,惊人发现[联想词]breakdownn.1.垮台,破裂2.衰竭,衰弱3.损坏,故障4.分类premiumn.1.保险金2.额外费用3.奖品,赠品,额外津贴a.1.高级的,优质的2.售价高的[联想词]subsidyn.津贴,补贴verbala.1.口头的2.用言辞的,用文字的[联想词]vocala.发声的,嗓音的spatiala.空间的,与空间有关的literacyn.识字,有文化,读写能力literatea.1.有读写能力的2.有文化修养的stimulusn.1.促进2.刺激[联想词]provocationn.1.挑衅,挑拨2.刺激,激怒provocativea.1.挑衅的,煽动的2.刺激的precedevt.在...之前,先于precedentn.1.先例,范例,判例2.惯例patentn.专利,专利权a.专利(权)的,受专利保护的vt.得到...的专利权originatevi.起源于,来自,产生vt.创造,创始,开创[联想词]commencev.开始incentiven.刺激,鼓励multituden.1.大量,许多2.大众,民众ambiguousa.引起歧义的,模式棱两可的,含糊不清的[联想词]indefinitea.1.不明确的,含糊的2.无限期的exdplicita.1.明确的,明晰的;详述的2.直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的manipulatevt.1.操纵,控制,影响2.操作,使用levern.1.杠杆2.途径,工具,手段vt.撬动,撬起wedgen.楔(子)vt.把...楔入,塞入[联想词]grooven.沟,槽hingen.铰链interactvi.相互作用,相互影响emulationn.1.竞赛,竞争2.仿效,仿真imitationn.1.模仿2.仿制,仿制品3.赝品strivevi.努力,奋斗,力求sculpturen.1.雕刻,雕塑2.雕刻作品,雕塑品[联想词]carvevt.1.切,把...切碎2.雕刻,刻engravevt.1.在...上雕刻2.使铭记,使牢记statuen.雕像,塑像bustn.1.胸像,半身像2.胸部,胸围marblen.1.大理石diploman.毕业文凭,毕业证书,资格证书[联想词]diplomatn.1.外交官,外交家2.有交际手段的人,圆滑的人perpetuala.1.永久的,永恒的,长期的2.无休止的,没完没了的UnitFourWaitinginLineTheBritishqueueupandtheAmericanswaitinline,exceptforNewYorkers,whowaitonline.Nooneseemstoknowthereasonforthislocalidiom.Itissomethingtoponderwhilewaitingin/online.Anotherthingtoponder:ItisestimatedthatAmericansspednduptofiveyearsoftheirlivesinthattedious,wearybutunavoidableprocessknownaswaiting.Studiesshowthatotherwiserationalpeopleactirrationallywhenforcedtostandinlineorwaitincrowds,evenbecomingviolent.Queuesareagrimrealityofcitylife.Whilethereseemstobenoconsensusonthecity'sworstline,theonesmentionedmostoftenintalkshereandtherewerelunchtimelinesatbanksandpostofficesand,amongyoungerpeople,movielinesandcollege-registrationlines.Banklines,saidMarkSloane,aninvestor.Nomatterwhattimeofdayyoubank,thenumberoftellersisinadequatetothenumberofpatrons.Evenwhenthebankisopenyouseelonglinesinfrontofthemoneymachinesoutside.Supermarkets,saidEdFrantz,agraphicartist,whoonceabandonedafullshoppingcartinthemiddleofalongcheckoutline.Itwasnotapoliticalact.Thelinewasfilledwithcouponclippersandcheckwriters,herecalled.AndsuddenlyIhadtowalkaway.Foodnolongermattered.Inanylinethefundamentalruleisfirstcome,firstserved,orwhatdsocialscientistscalldistributivejustice.Exceptionsmaybemade,say,infancyrestaurantswheretheheadwaitershavetheirfavorites,but,ingeneral,theruleprevails.Ifmiserylovescompany,sodosportsfans.Dr.LeonManndocumentedthisseveralyearsagowhen,asaHarvardprofessor,hestudiedthelongovernightqueuesforticketstoballgamesinhisnativeAustralia.Outsidethestadiumsomethingofacarnivalatmosphereprevails,hewroteinTheAmericanJournalofSociology.Thedevoteessing,sipwarmdrinks,playcardsandhuddletogether.Liketheteamstheyha