四六级考试常考重点语法:定语从句一、定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。例如:1)Themanwholivesnexttousisafool.2)YoumustbuymethehousewhichisnearXiangshan.上面两句中的theman和thehouse是定语从句所修饰的词,叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。二、关系词(连接词)1、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词:that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when,why。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时还做定语从句的一个成分。关系代词例句that指物1.Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2.ThenoodlethatIcookedwasdelicious.指人1.Whoisthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere?2.ThegirlthatwemetyesterdayisJim’ssister.which指物1.ThesilkwhichisproducedinHangzhousellswell.2.ThesongswhichLiuDehuasingsareverypopular.who/whom指人1.TheforeignerwhovisitedourclassisfromCanada.2.ThepersonwhomyoujustvisitedisMr.Li.whose指人或物的所有格1.Ilikethegirlwhosehairislong.2.Therestandsmyhousewhosewindowsfacesouth.(从表中可以看出:用that更有通用性)2.关于that,which的用法注意点1)只能用that,不用which作为定语从句关系代词的情况a)不定代词,如anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词ThereisnothingthatIcando.Imeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday.b)先行词有theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.ThelastplacethatIvisitedwasthehospital.c)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时ThisisthefirstcompositionthathehaswritteninEnglish.d)先行词既有人,又有物时Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.2)不用that,只用which的情况a)引导非限定性定语从句时whichThetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介词后用whichWedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.3.关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。1)先行词是表示地点名词时(country,school,room…),而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当地点状语,一般用where引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是which前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。Beijingistheplaceinwhich(=where)Iwasborn.Hewantstofindtheplaceinwhich(=where)helivedfortyyearsago.2)先行词是表示时间名词时(year,month,day,night…),而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语,一般用when引导定语从句。也可以用介词+which的结构。值得注意的是when前的介词选择是根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。Hisfatherdiedthatyearinwhich(=when)hewasborn.Icannotforgetthefirstdayonwhich(=when)myfamilymovedintothecity.3)先行词是thereason,而关系词代替先行词在定语从句中充当原因状语,一般用why引导定语从句。也可以用for+which的结构。Isthisthereasonforwhich(why)herefusedouroffer?但是这里要指出的是,如果介词和Which搭配在一起并不表示以上三种意思,则我们只能保留介词+Which的形式。如IknowEnglishinwhichIwrotetheloveletter.4.判断关系代词与关系副词方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。判断改错:()ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.()ThisisthemountainvillagewhichIvisitedlastyear.()IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.()I'llneverforgetthedayswhichIspentinthecountryside.方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。1)Thisisthemuseum___youvisitedafewdaysageA.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone2)Thisisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语)。5.限定性从句和非限定性从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如:Hersisterwhoisanursestandsthere.(限制性)Hersister,whoisanurse,standsthere.(非限制性)AlltheGreekswhoarephilosophersareveryclever.(限制性)AlltheGreeks,whoarephilosophers,areveryclever.(非限制性)2)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如:ThetrafficofBeijingisquitebad,whichisknowntoeveryone.6.定语从句的省略(1)关系代词充当从句宾语我们前面说到连接词在定语从句中充当一个成分,有可能是主语、有可能是宾语,我相信大家肯定还记得,这里我们要告诉大家,当这些连接词充当的是宾语时,可以省略。例如:1.Thebook(that/which)weboughtlastyearisnowverypopular.2.Wecanseetheboys(who/whom/that)theteacheristalkingwitharequitehappy.上述第一句的book是先行词,作后面的定语从句中bought的宾语,故引导词that/which可以省略,第二句的先行词students作with的宾语,故引导词who/that/whom也都可以省略,(2)关系代词充当从句主语当关系代词充当从句主语时,也可以省略,但是省略后的从句要发生形式的变化,原从句若为主动语态,后面的动词结构要变成分词ing形式,原从句若为被动语态,后面的动词结构直接为过去动词结构。这种结构在英语语法中称为分词作定语。ThenovelwhichwasgivenbytheprofessormainlydiscussesthedevelopmentofChineseeconomy.ThenovelgivenbytheprofessormainlydiscussesthedevelopmentofChineseeconomy.ThenovelwhichmainlydiscussesthedevelopmentofChineseeconomywasgivenbytheprofessor.ThenovelmainlydiscussingthedevelopmentofChineseeconomywasgivenbytheprofessor.SP:(1)why的先行词reason或可用that指代的名词也是定语从句的原因状语时,例如:1.Thatisthereason(forwhich/why)youdislikeit.2.Iwonderthereason(why/forwhich)hechangedhismind.(2)表示方式的先行词way,其后的关系代词可用that,也可省略,例如:1.Everyonedoesnotliketheway(that)hetalks.2.Doyouknowtheway(that)theteachertreatedhisstudents.四六级考试常考重点语法:名词性从句一、宾语从句(ObjectClause)宾语从句为肯定句(由that引导),在口语中that常省略。(1)当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响,按需要可以使用任何时态。如:Shesays(that)sheworksfromMondaytoFriday.(从句是一般现在时)Shesays(that)shewillleaveamessageonhisdesk.(从句是一般将来时)Shesays(that)shehasneverbeentoMountEmei.(从句是现在完成时)(2)当主句谓语是过去时态,从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如:Hesaidtherewerenoclassesyesterdayafternoon.(从句是一般过去时)Hesaid(that)hewasgoingtotakecareofthebaby.(从句是过去将来时)Hesaid(that)theywerehavingameetingatthattime.(从句是过去进行时)注意:当主句谓语是过去时态,而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理(事实)时,宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。Theteachertoldus(that)nothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartintoit.老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.他说光传播比声音传播快得多。宾语部分为一般疑问句(由whether引导)“Canyouhelpme?”Heasked.Heaskedwhether(if)Icouldhelphim.Sheasked,“WillLaoLicometomybirthdayparty?”Sheaskedwhether(if)LaoLiwouldcometoherbirthdayparty.注意:在将一般疑问句转变成宾语从句时,一定要注意陈述句语序。改写句子1.DoesMr.BrownenjoylivinginChina?Couldyoutellus?→Couldyoutellus_________Mr.Brown_________livinginChina?2.“D