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313CONNECTIONCRITERIAATTHEDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKFORDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONTaskForceC6.04.01February2007ISBN978-2-85873-001-8CONNECTIONCRITERIAATTHEDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKFORDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONTaskForceC6.04.01Members:NikosHatziargyriou–Greece(Convenor)ChadAbbey-CanadaAbdullahAlabbas-SaudiArabiaStefanoBarsali-ItalyRegineBelhomme-FranceRolandBruendlinger-AustriaStaleDaae-NorwayNijazDizdarevic-CroatiaJohanDriesen–BelgiumToshihisaFunabashi-JapanGezaJoos-CanadaJanKoningstein–TheNetherlandsJoaoAbelPecasLopes-PortugalStavrosPapathanassiou-GreeceGlenPaskaruk-CanadaRaulRodriguez–SpainHanSlootweg–TheNetherlandsKaiStrunz-USAJulioUsaola-SpainMichaelViotto–GermanyInmaculadaZamora-SpainCopyright©2007“OwnershipofaCIGREpublication,whetherinpaperformoronelectronicsupportonlyinfersrightofuseforpersonalpurposes.Areprohibited,exceptifexplicitlyagreedbyCIGRE,totalorpartialreproductionofthepublicationforuseotherthanpersonalandtransfertoathirdparty;hencecirculationonanyintranetorothercompanynetworkisforbidden”.Disclaimernotice“CIGREgivesnowarrantyorassuranceaboutthecontentsofthispublication,nordoesitacceptanyresponsibility,astotheaccuracyorexhaustivenessoftheinformation.Allimpliedwarrantiesandconditionsareexcludedtothemaximumextentpermittedbylaw”.3TableofContentsEXECUTIVESUMMARY....................................................................................................................................5CHAPTER1.INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................81.1SCOPE...........................................................................................................................................................81.2IDENTIFICATIONOFISSUES...........................................................................................................................81.2.1GeneralContext..............................................................................................................................81.2.2Steadystateandshort-circuitconstraints.......................................................................................91.2.3Powerqualityissues........................................................................................................................91.2.4Reactivepowerandvoltagecontrol...............................................................................................111.2.5Contributiontoancillaryservices..................................................................................................121.2.6STABILITYANDCAPABILITYOFDGTOWITHSTANDDISTURBANCES..........................................................131.2.7PROTECTIONASPECTS.................................................................................................................................141.2.8ISLANDINGANDISLANDEDOPERATION.......................................................................................................141.2.9SYSTEMSAFETY..........................................................................................................................................151.2.10INFORMATIONEXCHANGESANDREMOTECONTROL...................................................................................15CHAPTER2.CURRENTCONNECTIONCRITERIAANDPROTECTIONPRACTICESINVARIOUSCOUNTRIESFORDGS.....................................................................................................................................172.1EXECUTIVESUMMARY...............................................................................................................................172.2COMPARATIVEASSESSMENT.....................................................................................................................182.3KEYCONSIDERATIONS..............................................................................................................................272.3.1Deepvs.ShallowCharges...........................................................................................................272.3.2Deterministicvs.ProbabilisticAnalysis......................................................................................272.3.3ParticipationinAncillaryServices..............................................................................................272.3.4StabilityandCapabilityofDGtowithstandDisturbances..........................................................282.3.5DCinLVNetworks......................................................................................................................282.3.6IslandingandIslandedOperation...............................................................................................292.4ALLOCATIONOFDISTRIBUTEDGENERATIONGRIDCONNECTIONCOST....................................................292.4.1Introduction.................................................................................................................................292.4.2PossibleAllocationMechanisms......................................