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13)0pq,p(pq.0.0-a+a32.3(1)00(2)0a+b=0ab.4(1)00(2))0a(a)0a(0)0a(aa5ab=1abab=-1ab1-111aa3106aaaaaaa2aa2aaa0aa07aaa33aa3681.2211230.2123.30a.4abba)()(cbacbabaab)()(bcacabacabcba)(512612n:(-a)n=-an(a-b)n=-(b-a)n,n:(-a)n=an(a-b)n=(b-a)n.7na10101an839ab,0baba,0babababa0ab;1;1;1babababababaabbabaabbaba223312ba2314ba2313cba235611312451++2612),(nmaaanmnm),(nmaamnnm)()(nbaabnnn22))((bababa2222)(bababa2222)(bababa222()2ababab22()()4ababab2233()()abaabbab2233()()abaabbab()mabcmambmc()()mnabmambnanb)0,,(anmaaanmnm()abmambm123456),0(1);0(10paaaaapp7411121)(cbaacab2))((22bababa222)(2bababa222)(2bababa3))(()()(dcbadcbdcabdbcadac4))(()(2qapapqaqpa3122344358~101BAABBB0203124(156,.ababccc,,,.bdbcadacac:,,.bdbdacac:,.bdbcbcacadad61)0(aaa212341)0()(2aaa)0(aa2aa2)0(aa3)0,0(babaab4)0,0(bababa5761=21234:5:10ax0baxaxb61.788~1011ax+by=c(a0,b0)234561796122)0(02acbxaxx2axabxbc101bax2)(axb0bbaxbaxb02222)(2bababaaxx222)(2bxbbxx3)0(02acbxax)04(2422acbaacbbx43)0(02acbxaxacb42)0(02acbxaxacb423)0(02acbxax21xxabxx21acxx2181081212334121131233~51236~811212345x131281x21231331xyOxyxy2abbaabba31P(x,y)0,0yxP(x,y)0,0yxP(x,y)0,0yxP(x,y)0,0yx2P(x,y)x0yxP(x,y)y0xyP(x,y)xyxyP003P(x,y)xyP(x,y)xy4xy5xyPpxPpyPp6P(x,y)1P(x,y)xy2P(x,y)yx3P(x,y)22yx3~81xyxyxyx2312xy34123143~101kxykk0x2(0,0)k0y=kx,yxk0y=kx,yx1bkxykbk0x2bkxy(0,b)k0,yxk0yxx(,0)bky(0,)b111:lykxb222:lykxb11212//llkk21l2ly0b12bbbkxyk0kbkxyk0kb15163~101xkykk01kxyxx02)0(kxkykk0k0xx0yy0k0yxxx0yy0k0yx3xkyk5(0)kykx21k.(0)kykxk.173~81)0,,(2acbacbxaxyyx)0,,(2acbacbxaxy2abx231M2cbxaxy2xA,ByCCDxyCDCMDAB10~16cbxaxy2.xy.khxay2.x1x2x21xxxxay10abx2abacy44221xxxab221xxxx=ab2abacy44221xxxyx2xxcbxaxy2221xxcbxaxy121yx1xxcbxaxy1212xxcbxaxy2226~141)0,,(2acbacbxaxya0a0y0xy0x112x=ab2ab2abac4423xab2yxxab2yx4x=ab2yabacy4422x=ab2ab2abac4423xab2yxxab2yx4x=ab2yabacy4422)0,,(2acbacbxaxycbaaa0a0bx=ab2cy0c3xac4b2x0x=0x0x1yAx1y1Bx2y2ABAB221221yyxxA0xB23181.cbacbxaxy,,(2)0ayx2.a0a0aayhx.y0x3.2axy0a0a0xy0,0kaxy20xy(0,k)2hxayhx(h,0)khxay2hx(h,k)cbxaxy2abx2(abacab4422)4.abacabxacbxaxy442222abacab4422abx2khxay2(h,k)hx12(,)(,)xyxyy122xxx5.cbxaxy2cba,,a2axyaba.cbxaxy2abx20by0ababy0ababyccbxaxy2y0xcycbxaxy2y0c0c;0c,y0c,y..y0ab193121234561234712345812349312123BCBADBAECAE3180111nn1601111601111=60=60412351231ABCDEFABCDEF15ABCDEF35ABCDEF36ABCDEF2ABCDABCDCDAB)ABCDCDAB123~81ABCDABCD1223121234123203~81212334123ABCABCABC561271808=2191212345218~10111260245ab2baABCA=1802BB=C=2180A21260330121212121212223~812ABCDEFABCDEF31SAS2ASA3SSSHLHL4121803233~51C=90A+B=90230A=30BC=21ABC=903ACB=90CD=21AB=BD=ADDAB4abc222cba5ACB=90BDADCD2ABADAC2CDABABBDBC26ABCD=ACBC3~5123abc222cba2431abmnab=mnabababcdab=cdabcdadbcdabccbbaab=bcbac2nmbadcba1ab=cdad=bcab=bcacb22dbcadcbaacbdabcd3cdabdcba4ddcbbadcba5banfdbmecanfdbnmfedcba)0(3ABACBCACBCACABBCABCABAC=215AB0.618AB3~51abcl1l2abcABCDEF,,ABDEABDEBCEFBCEFACDFACDF2ABCDEBCDEABACDE,,ADAEADAEDEDBECDBECABACBCABAC23~812acABCDEFl1bl2ABCDECEABDDEBCADEABC1ABCABCABC2ABCABCABCABC3ABCABCABCABCABCABC311232412345126253~81ABCC=90AAsinAcasinAAAAcosAcbcosAAAAtanAbatanAAAAAcotAabcotAAA2AA3030456090sin02122231cos12322210tan03313cot3133041sinA=cos(90A)cosA=sin(90A)tanA=cot(90A)cotA=tan(90A)21cossin22AA3tanAtan(90A)=14tanA=AAcossin50~9012343~512RtABCC=90ABCabc1222cba2A+B=903baBabBcaBcbBabAbaAcbAcaAcot,tan,cos,sin;cot,tan,cos,sina/sinA=b/sinB=c/sinC=2RR26312345360360n)2(n1803606n2)3(nn3~101ABCDABCDABCDABCD21234312132435445S==ah273~101212343121324S==ab3~101212343121324S==3~101212344563124abS=222ba283~1012123134412351DEABCDSABCD)(212BACABDSSBOCAODSSBCDADCSS62931OAOAOOA2OOO31AB2CD234ABABAB31123231231233~81212903303OrPOddrPOd=rPOdrPO3123433~5123OrOld,lOdrlOd=rlOdr3~8123123~8123123RrddR+rd=R+rR-rdR+rRrd=R-rRrdR-rRr4313123123431nnn233~81nl180rnl2lRRnS213602nRl3rlrlS221lr1OABCDEAEBE=CEDE2BAC=ADC3PAOPBCOPCPBPA2323~512123343118021233418031PxyP-x-y2xxxyPxyxPx-y3yyyxPxyyP-xy333~512123~81OO21234312335311n,,,,21nxxx)(121nxxxnxnxx2n1x1f2x2f,kxkfnfffk21nnfxfxfxxkk2211xkfff,,,2121,,,,21nxxx)(121nxxxnx2nfxfxfxxkk2211nfffk213aaxx'aaxx11'axx22',axxnn')'''(1'21nxxxnx,,,,21nxxx,',,','21nxxx41234563~51231,,,,21nxxxx2s])()()[(1222212xxxxxxnsn21])()()[(1222212xxxxxxnsn2])[(12222212xnxxxnsn2222212)][(1xxxxnsn3]')'''[(12222212xnxxxnsnaaxx11'axx22',axxnn'2222212')]'''[(1xxxxnsn4,,,,21nxxxaxx11'axx22',axxnn',',,','21nxxx3s])()()[(1222212xxxxxxnssn61212n3631235~61AmnppA2ABC,ApPA=P311APA=12APA=0201312nAmAPA=nm101210128123n1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9++n=n(n+1)/21+3+5+7+9+11+13+15++(2n-1)=n22+4+6+8+10+12+14++(2n)=n(n+1)12+22+32+42+52+62+72+82++n2=n(n+1)(2n+1)/613+23+33+43+53+63+3=n2(n+1)2/41*2+2*3+3*4+4*5+5*6+6*7++n(n+1)=n(n+1)(n+2)/3