大学英语快速阅读College-English.1附习题8RATS-HAVE-HEAD-FOR-LA

RATSHAVEHEADFORLANGUAGEResearchersinSpainreportedthatanimals,especiallymammals(nf^L^D),evolvedsomeoftheskillsunderlyingtheuseanddevelopmentoflanguagelongbeforelanguageitselfeverevolved.Itisthefirsttimethatananimalotherthanahumanormonkeyhasbeenshowntohavethisskill.FortheirstudyneuroscientistJuanToroandhiscolleaguesatBarcelona'sScientificParktested64adultmalerats.TheyusedDutchandJapanesebecausetheselanguageswereusedinearlier,similartests,andbecausetheyareverydifferentfromoneanotherinuseofwords,rhythmandstructure.TheratsweretrainedtorespondtoeitherDutchorJapaneseusingfoodasareward.Thentheywereseparatedintofourgroups—onethatheardeachlanguagespokenbyanative,onethatheardsynthesized()speech,onethatheardsentencesreadineitherlanguagebydifferentspeakersandafourththatheardthelanguagesplayedbackwards.RatsrewardedforrespondingtoJapanesedidnotrespondtoDutchandratstrainedtorecognizeDutchdidnotrespondtospokenJapanese.TheratscouldnottellapartJapaneseorDutchplayedbackwards.Resultsshowedthatratscoulddiscriminatenaturalsentenceswhenutteredbyasinglespeakerandnotwhenutteredbydifferentones,norcouldtheydistinguishthelanguageswhenspokenbydifferentpeople.Humannewbornshavethesameproblem,althoughtamarinsC)caneasilytelllanguagesapartevenwhenspokenbydifferentpeople.Itwasstrikingtofindthatratscantrackcertaininformationthatseemstobesoimportantinlanguagedevelopmentinhumans.Thestudyshowswhichabilitiesthathumansuseforlanguagearesharedwithotheranimals,andwhichareuniquelyhuman.Ltalsosuggestswhatsortsofevolutionaryprecursors(fuJl)languagemighthave.Choosethebestanswerstothefollowingquestions.1.64adultmaleratshavebeentestedtoshowthat_____.A.ratscanbetrainedtospeakJapaneseandDutchB.ratshavesomeoftheskillspotentialtotheuseanddevelopmentoflanquaqeC.ratsareabletorecognizealanguagewhenitisspokenbydifferentpeopleD.ratscanunderstandthewords,rhythmandstructureofalanguage2.DutchandJapanesearechosentobethetestlanguagesbecause___.A.theywereusedinearlier,similartestsB.someratscanrecognizeDutchandsomeJapaneseC.DutchandJapanesebelongtodifferentfamiliesoflanguageandtheywereusedearlierinsimilartestsD.DutchandJapanesehavedifferentwords,rhythmsandstructure3.Ratswererewardedwhenthey___________________________.A.couldrespondtoeitherofthetwolanguagesB.couldrespondtobothDutchandJapaneseC.couldtellapartJapaneseorDutchplayedbackwardsD.coulddiscriminatenaturalsentencesspokenbydifferentspeakers4.ThetestresultshaveshownusallofthefollowingEXCEPT__.A.ratscandistinguishthelanguagesspokenbyasinglespeakerB.ratssharesomeoftheabilitiesforlanguagewithhumanbeingsC.ratscantrackcertaininformationwhichseemstobeimportantinlanguagedevelopmentinhumansD.ratscandiscriminatenaturalsentencesspokenbydifferentspeakersS.ThesentenceRatsrewardedforrespondingtoJapanesedidnotrespondtoDutchandratstrainedtorecognizeDutchdidnotrespondtospokenJapaneseisclosestinmeaningto____.A.Whenratsweretrainedtorespondtooneofthetwolanguages,theydidn'trespondtotheotherB.WhenratsrespondedtoJapanese,theywererewarded.WhenratsrespondedtoDutch,theywerenotrewardedC.Givengoodrewardsandspecialtraining,aratcouldrespondtobothDutchandJapaneseD.Forrats,respondingtoonelanguageislessdifficultthantotwolanguagesJudgewhetherornotthefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage,andmarkYforYES,NforNO,orNGifinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.1.ThescientistsusedDutchandJapaneseasthetestlanguagesbecauseoftheirunusualwords,rhythmandstructure.YNNG2.Newlybornbabieshavelittletroubleindistinguishinglanguagespokenbydifferentpeople.YNNG3.WhenDutchandJapanesewereplayedbackwards,ratscouldnottellthemapart.YNNG4.Thestudyshowsthatsomeabilitiesforlanguageareuniquetohumanbeings.YNNG5.Itisthefirsttimescientistshaveconductedsuchanexperimenttoprovethatsomeanimals,otherthanhumansormonkeys,haveskillsunderlyingtheuseanddevelopmentoflanguage.YNNG