English writing-B1-U05

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UnitObjectives•Knowthefeaturesofattributes•Usetheseventypesofattributescorrectly•Userelativeclausesforemphasis•WriteprecisINTRODUCTION•Thisunitfocusesonhowtowritelongersentencesbyexpandingthenounsinthesentences.Therearetwomajormethodstoexpandanoun;oneisbyusingattributes,andtheotherisbyusingretativeclauses.INTRODUCTION•Manywordsandstructurescanbeusedasattributestomodifynouns.Bymodify,wemeannarrowingtheworddown,makingitmorespecific,oraddingmoredescriptivedetails.•Forinstance,thecatinthetreeismorespecificthanthecat;andthefatandlazycatcreatesamorevividimagethanthecat..INTRODUCTION•Wecanuseasentencetomodifyanoun.Inthiscase,weareusingarelativeclause.Relativeclausescanusuallyexpressricherideasthanmostattributes.Inaddition,relativeclausescanmaketheideasinthemainclausemoreimportantthanothers.INTRODUCTION•Forexample,inthesentence:•Idon'treallyenjoythefilmyourecommended.•theideaofnotenjoythefilmismoreimportantthanyourecommendedafilm.TheemphasisshiftsifyousayYou'verecommendedafilmthatIdon'treallyenjoy.PARTIWARM-UPACTIVITIES•--Amanwithaclubinhishandisfightingadinosaur.•--Adinosaurislookingforamanwhoishidingbehindarock.•--AnIndianhunterissmilingandshowinghisbowandarrows.•--Followedbyhisdog,thehunterisshooting.•--Lookingforthegolfball,amanisheadingforaferocious/friendly/naughtylionthatislyinglowinthebush.PARTIIFOCUS•Attributes•ReferencefortheClassroomActivities•a.Thesecondversion,becauseitispreciseandvivid.•c.Singleadjectivesorparalleladjectivesareplacedbeforenouns,whileprepositionalphrasesareplacedafternouns.Whatcanbeusedasattributes•ReferencefortheClassroomActivities•1.Motion,saidEinstein,slowsdownclocks.Thefasteraclockismoved,thesloweritruns.Theamountofslowingdown(N)issosmallthatitcannotbenoticedatspeedsofafewhundred,evenafewthousand,kilometersperhour(D).But,ifaclockcouldbemovedataspeedofalmost297,600kilometerspersecond(D),itwouldalmoststopcompletely.ReferencefortheClassroomActivities•Thehumanheartisakindof(N)clock,sotherateofitsbeating(N)issloweddownbymotion.Soistherateofbreathing(N),andsoarealltheotherprocessesofthebody(N).Ahumanbeinginahigh-speed(D)spaceship(N)'wouldnotnoticethese(N)changes.Hispulse-ratewouldappearnormal,fortheclocksandwatchesinthespaceship(N)wouldhavesloweddowninproportion.Buthewouldfindthingsdif-ferentwhenhereturnedtotheearth,whichhehadleftsometimeago.RelativeClauses•Whenusingasentenceaspartofanotherlargersentence,weturnitintoasubordinateclauseinacomplexsentence.•InSentences2)and3)ineachgroup,wecanfindsomeclausesfunctioningasamodifier,orattributeofthenounsbeforethem..RelativeClauses•InEnglish,weusuallyusewordslikethat,who,which,when,where,whose,why,etc.toconnectthesenounsandclauses.Asthesewordsarecalledrelatives,wecalltheseclausesrelativeclausesRelativeClauses•Weputmorerelativeclausesinasentence,wearealsoputtingmoreinformationinit.Inotherwords,weareexpandingthesentence.Inwritingexpandedsentences,relativeclausesareextremelyuseful.ReferencefortheClassroomActivities•a.Themanwhoteachesyougeographywasateacheroffootballtwoyearsago.•b.Thissummer,HarryPottera/zdtheSorcerer'sStoneisafilmthateverykidlooksfor-wardto.•c.(Norelativeclause)•d.Doyouthinkthosewhoknowthelawthoroughlywillautomaticallyobeythelaw?•e.It'sinterestingtogrowupinthecountrysidewherealltheanimalscanbeyourfriends.Whyuserelativeclauses•Suggestedanswerstotheexercise•Version1:•Iboughtatoycarformysononhisbirthday,andhelikeditverymuch.•Version2:•Iboughtatoycarformysononhisbirthday,whichhelikedverymuch.•Version3:•MysonlikedverymuchthetoycarwhichIboughtforhimonhisbirthday.ReferencefortheClassroomActivities•a.MrJohnson,whomIhatemost,asksustowriteanarticleeveryweek.•b.Doyoudaretoboardaplanewherethereisnopilot'?•c.TonyswearstokilltheguywhohasdamagedhisnewdictionarythatheboughtintheStates.•d.ThegirlwhomJimfellinlovewithisthedaughterofalocalbusinessman.•e.Mr.Wang,whoheadsthebankers'associationinthiscity,istospeakfirstatthemeeting.Writingcorrectrelativeclauses•Thereareelevenrulesforwritingcorrectrelativeclausesnon-restrictiveclause•Anon-restrictiveclausedoesnotnarrowdowntheantecedent;itonlyaddsadditionalinformationtotheantecedent.•Onlywhichcanbeusedtointroduceanon-restrictiveclause.•Iftheantecedentisapropername,onlyanon-restrictiveclausecanbeused.•ShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity,whichwasestablishedmorethan50yearsago,hasbecomeamultidisciplinaryinstitution.•wheretherelativeisusedastheobjectofaverborpreposition•Theantecedentisusuallyreason.•Theantecedentisusuallythewayorhis/herway,etc.•Butthismaymakethewritinglessformal.ReferencefortheClassroomActivities•1.a.1)Thistribe,whichwasoncethoughttobeEgyptians,isactuallyanomadicpeoplefromEuropethathasmigratedtoAsia.•2)Thistribe,whichisanomadicpeoplefromEuropethathasmigratedtoAsia,wasoncethoughttobeEgyptians.•b.1)Forthefirsttime,theFIFAWorldCup,whichisheldeveryfouryears,wasgoingtobeheldintwoneighboringcountriesthatwerebothbelievedtobenotstronginfootball.•2)TheFIFAWorldCup,whichwasgoingtobeheldintwoneighboringcountriesthatwerebothbelievedtobenotstronginfootball,isheldeveryfouryears.•c.Americanspreferbigcars,wh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