Lesson 1 vocabulary

EnglishReadingforPhDCandidatesUnitOneTheParadoxofKnowledgeKnowledgeispower.知识就是力量。---FrancisBacon（培根）Realknowledgeistoknowtheextentofone’signorance.真正的认知是知道自己的无知。---孔子Whenyouwantknowledgelikeyouwantairunderwater,thenyouwillgetit.当你需要知识就象你在水下需要空气时，你准能得到它。---Socrates(苏格拉底）Tospreadknowledgeistospreadhappiness.传播知识就是播种幸福。---AlfredNobel(诺贝尔）Whatis“paradox”?Aseeminglycontradictorystatementthatmaynonethelessbetrue:似是而非的评论看起来自相矛盾但可能正确的说法：theparadoxthatstandingismoretiringthanwalking.站着比走路还累这一似非而是的说法;Itisaparadoxthatinsucharichcountrythereshouldbesomanypoorpeople.“这样一个富国中有那么多穷人,这是一种矛盾的现象。”Anassertionthatisessentiallyself-contradictory,thoughbasedonavaliddeductionfromacceptablepremises.逆说，悖论一种尽管从可接受的假设中推导出来但其核心是自相矛盾的论断Astatementcontrarytoreceivedopinion.逆论，反说与通常的见解相反的观点paradox=enigmaYoudescribeasituationasaparadoxwhenitinvolvestwoormorefactsorqualitieswhichseemtocontradicteachother.Theparadoxisthattheregion'smostdynamiceconomieshavethemostprimitivefinancialsystems.Deathitselfisaparadox,theendyetthebeginning.Aparadoxisastatementinwhichitseemsthatifonepartofitistrue,theotherpartofitcannotbetrue.AlthoughI'msosuccessfulI'mreallyratherafailure.That'saparadox,isn'tit?Paradox==Oxymoron:矛盾修饰法E.g.workingvacationlivingdeadpeaceforcesamedifferenceMorehaste,lessspeed.欲速则不达。ParadoxItwasthebestoftimes.Itwastheworstoftimes.Itwastheageofwisdom.Itwastheageoffoolishness.ItwastheseasonofLight.ItwastheseasonofDarkness.Itwasthespringofhope.Itwasthewinterofdespair.Wehadeverythingbeforeus.Wehadnothingbeforeus.---CharlesDickensATaleofTwoCitiesParadoxIfyoulovehim,sendhimtoNewYork;itisheaven.Ifyouhatehim,sendhimtoNewYork;itishell.---北京人在纽约StructureofthetextPartI(para.1):mostpeopleassumethattheaccumulationofknowledgewillreducetheareaofman’signorance,butmanythingssuspiciousofanincreaseofman’signoranceinvitecriticalanalysis.PartII(para.2-4):mostpeople,evensomeeminentscientists,thinkthattheaccumulationofknowledgewillbecomplete,andmanwillacquireafinaltheory.PartIII(para.5-10):ithasbeenimprovedasbymanyfactsinthescientificdevelopmentthatthemoreonelearns,themoreheknowsthathedoesn'tknowandheneedstoknowfurther.PartIV:sciencewillnotcometoanendduetotheparadoxofknowledgeLine2.Acquisition:获得；兼并、合并，a.Youcanuseacquisitiontorefertoanobjectthatyoubuyorobtain,oftentoaddtothingsthatyoualreadyhave.FromherwardrobeLauratookherlatestacquisition,abrightreddress.b.Theacquisitionofaskilloraparticulartypeofknowledgeistheprocessoflearningitordevelopingit....languageacquisition.*“Organicgrowthisesteemedaboveall,andmanylargecompaniesstilldistaintheideaofmergersandacquisitions.”----Time.Feb.6,2006Line5.Intheaggregate:合计=intotalIfanumberofdifferentthingsoramountsareconsideredinaggregate,orintheaggregate,theyareconsideredasasinglethingoramount.(FORMAL)Expensesaredeductibleonlytotheextentthatinaggregatetheyexceed7percentofgrossincome.UnitsalesforDecemberamountedintheaggregateto100,000.12月份的单位销售量总数达到十万Syn:Accumulateaddupamounttocompiletotalline7.Infrastructure:基本设施=foundationTheinfrastructureofacountry,society,ororganizationconsistsofthebasicfacilitiessuchastransport,communications,powersupplies,andbuildings,whichenableittofunction.基本设施Theinfrastructure,fromhotelstotransport,isoldanddecrepit.Line10.corpusAlargecollectionofwritingsofaspecifickindoronaspecificsubject.丛书某一特种的或有关某一主题的大型系列文献【Anatomy解剖学】Themainpartofabodilystructureororgan.主体身体结构或器官的主要部分Line13.Invite:provideanopeningbysuchmeansasaseductionmannerorachallengingortemptationtoanother.Totendtobringon;provoke:引起；招致Toentice;tempt.怂恿；诱使E.g.“Thewriterwhobringsanewrevelationisnotnecessarilycalledupontoinvitetheexecration(诅咒）oftheherd（普通民众）.”---Ellis“Divisionsathomewouldinvitedangersfromabroad”(JohnJay)“内讧招致外患”(约翰·杰伊)Line8-14:我们之中大多数认为现代社会中各种知识在不断增长，与此同时社会或群体对新知识的积累也在不断地减少我们对人类自身、世界及宇宙的未知。然而，事实总是在提醒我们，现在还有无数未知的领域，因此对该假设需要作细致的分析。Line16.Somatic:physicalSomato-:身体Somaticcavity:体腔Somaticcell:体细胞Line17.Ontogeny:个体发育史Onto-:organismgeny:origin,productionLine18.Phylogeny:动植物种类进化史Phylo-:tribe,raceLine17-18:“ontogeny….phylogeny”Thisstatementimpliesthatmankindhasprogressedfromastateofinnocentignorance,comparabletothatofaninfantwhoseknowledgewillaccumulateashegrowsupandeventuallyreachesmaturity.Line18recapitulatev.tr.*Torepeatinconciseform;sumup,restatebriefly,summarize.扼要重述用简洁的形式重复一遍*Biology【生物学】Toappeartorepeat(theevolutionarystagesofthespecies)duringtheembryonicdevelopmentoftheindividualorganism.重演,在个体有机体胚胎培育发展中重现（物种进化的过程）v.intr.*Tomakeasummary.总结作扼要概括Line19fertilize:enrichfertilizeone’svocabularywithwidereadingLine22.Comparableto:akinto与…相似Somethingthatiscomparabletosomethingelseisroughlysimilar,forexampleinamountorimportance.Farmersweremeanttogetanincomecomparabletothatoftownspeople.Theriskitposesiscomparablewithsmokingjustonecigaretteeveryyear.Line29mastery*Possessionofconsummateskill.*Thestatusofmasterorruler;control:统治；控制：masteryoftheseas.对海域的统治*Fullcommandofasubjectofstudy:Hermasteryofeconomictheoryimpressedtheprofessors.她对经济的精通给教授们留下了深刻的印象Line25-29:这种观点中暗含着一种臆断，那就是种系发育类同于个体发育，所以，至