Lesson 10 A More perfect Union (II) 演示文稿

Lesson10“AMorePerfectUnion”(PartII)1.Paraphrase1Understandingthisrealityrequiresareminderofhowwearriveatthispoint.(Para.27):要认识这一现实，需要回顾一下我们是如何陷入今天之困境的.InthepreviousparagraphObamasaidthatWrightscommentsandthesubsequentfirestormreflectedthecomplexitiesofraceinthiscountry.Inordertounderstandthesecomplexities,weneedtoknowthehistoryanddevelopmentofracialrelations,thesufferingsandinjusticestheblacksweresubjectedtoreminder:athingtohelponeremembersomethingelsehowwearriveatthispoint:howtheracialrelationshavedevelopedtothecurrentstage2.Paraphrase2Thepastisn'tdeadandburied.Ifact,itisn'tevenpast(Para.27):1)Thefirstpastisanounmeaningwhathashappened.Thesecondisanadjective,meaningended,over.iTheinfluenceofwhathappenedinprevioustimeshasnotdisappeared.Suchinfluencescanstillbeseen.3.recite:totellindetail,toenumerate4....somanyofthedisparities…andJimCrow.(Eara.27):TheinequalitiesanddifferencesyoufindintheAfrican-Americancommunitiestodaycamedirectlyfromblacksofanoldergenerationwhowerethevictimsofracialdiscrimination1)disparities:differences;inequalities2)traceto:togoback(tosomethingpast)3)thebrutallegacy:transferredepithet—alegacycan'tbebrutal;whatisbrutalisthepracticesofslaveowners,theslaverysystemJimCrow:intheU.S.unfairtreatmentofblackpeople,especiallyinthepastbytheuseoflawsthatpreventedthemfromgoingtothesameschoolsandpublicplaceaswhitepeoplepervasive:tendingtowidelyexistachievementgap:performancedisparityinstudyTheJimCrowlawsindetailsTheywereracialsegregationlawsenactedaftertheReconstructionperiodinSouthernUnitedStates,atstateandlocallevels,andwhichcontinuedinforceuntil1965,whichmandatedracialsegregationinallpublicfacilitiesJimCrowlawsmandatedthesegregationofpublicschools,publicplacesandpublictransportation,andthesegregationofrestrooms,restaurantsanddrinkingfountainsforwhitesandblacks.TheU.S.militarywasalsosegregated,aswerefederalworkplaces,initiatedin1913underPresidentWoodrowWilson,thefirstSouthernpresidentsince1856.Hisadministrationpracticedovertracialdiscriminationinhiring,requiringcandidatestosubmitphotos.State-sponsoredschoolsegregationwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesin1954inBrownv.BoardofEducation.Generally,theremainingJimCrowlawswereoverruledbytheCivilRightsActof1964andtheVotingRightsActof1965.5.Segregatedschoolswere,andare,inferiorschools;...betweentodaysblackandwhitestudents.(Para.28):Thisisaone-sentenceparagraphdescribingtheexistenceofschoolsegregationfiftyyearsafterWarren'sCourtdecisiontomakesegregationunconstitutional,andpointingoutthatinferioreducationinsegregatedschoolsisthecauseofthepoorperformanceofsomeblackstudents.1)Brownv.BoardofEducationIn1952,theSupremeCourtunderChiefJusticeEarlWarrendecidedtohearaschoolcaseinvolvingasuitbyReverendOliverBrownagainsttheschoolboardinTopeka,Kansas.Becauseofthesegregationsystem,Brown'sdaughterwasforcedtotravelmorethantwomilestoschool,eventhoughherhomewasonlyfiveblocksfromanall-whitegradeschool.OnMay17,1954,thecourtreadouttheopinion,Wecomethentothequestionpresented:doessegregation,..deprivethechildrenoftheminoritygroupofeducationaopportunities?Webelievethatitdoes6.Legalizeddecimation...tobequeathtofuturegenerations(Para.29):1)legalizeddiscrimination“discriminatorypracticesthatareprotectedbylaw.2)WhatlegalizeddiscriminationdidtheAfricanAmericanssuffer?Theywerenotallowedtohavehousinginsomewhiteareas;businessloansorFHA(FederalHousingAdministration)insuredloansweredeniedonconsiderationofrace,andunionsandcertainprofessionswerenotopentoblacks.3)couldnotamassanymeaningfulwealth:couldnotputasideoraccumulatesignificantamountsofmoneyorproperty(orenoughmoneyorproperty)4)bequeathtofuturegenerations:topassontochildrenorgrandchildrenTranslation1法律上认可的歧视――譬如说禁止黑人拥有财产，有时甚至通过暴力手段达到此种目的，或是不给非裔美国人的企业主放贷，不让黑人购房者取得联邦住房管理局的抵押贷款保险，把黑人排除在工会、警察队伍或者消防部门之外——这意味着黑人家庭难以积累家产以传给后代。7.Thathistoryhelpsexplainthewealthandincomegapbetweenblacksandwhites...(Para.29):TheexistenceofsomanypoorAfricanAmericansandthelowpaytheygetcomparedwiththewhitesispartlyduetotheexistenceoflegalizeddiscrimination.8....theconcentratedpocketsofpovertythatpersist...communities'I(Para.29):Thisisalsothereasonyoufindpeopleofextremepovertycrowdedintosmallareasorslums,incitiesandruralareas.1)pocket:asmallareaofaspecifiedtype2)persist:tocontinuetoexistorprevail9.Alackofeconomicopportunity...mayhaveworsened.(Para.30);Blackmennotbeingabletofindagoodjobandfeelingashamedofnotbeingabletosupportafamily,wasoneofthereasonsforthebreakingupoffamilies.Andthebenefitforasingle-parentfamilyhasmadethesituationevenworse.1)Onceagaintheimpersonalstructureisusedtolessenthepressureonblackmen.Obamadidnotmeantocriticizetheseblackmen.Hewasonlyrelatingafact.2)erode:tocausetodeteriorateorvanishcontributedtotheerosionofblackfamilies:theuseofcontributeanderosionsoftensthebluntnessofthestatement—inawayitresultedinbringingaboutthebreakingupofblackfamilies.erosion:gradualdestruction4)Howcouldwelfarepoliciesworsenthedeteriorationofrelationsinblackfamilies?Maybethewelfaresupportofsingle-parentfamiliesmakes