国家地理概况课件：British Education

BritishEducationInBritain,educationismainlytheresponsibilityoflocaleducationauthorities.TheonlyfunctionoftheDepartmentofEducationandSkillsofthecentralgovernmentistomakepoliciesandtogivemoney.InstitutionsofeducationinBritainenjoyagooddealofindependenceintheiroperation.However,inthelastfewdecadestherehavebeenatrendforthecentralgovernmenttogetmoreactivelyinvolvedtomakethesystemmorestandardizedandeffective.EducationalPolicyPrimaryandSecondaryEducationHigherEducationEducationalpolicyThe1944EducationActAnewEducationActin1980TheEducationReformActin1988The1944EducationActEducationinBritainiscompulsoryforallchildrenbetweentheagesof5and16.Thisisafundamentalpolicysince1944whentheEducationActpassedinthatyearimplementedfreeeducationforallchildrenthroughoutthecountry.AccordingtoThe1944EducationActchildrenwouldbeadmittedtoschoolsnotbecausetheywereofacertainsocialclassorbecausetheirparentspossessedacertainamountofmoney,butbecauseoftheabilitiestheydisplayed.FourStagesofEducationPrimaryEducation(5-11)SecondaryEducation(11-16)FurtherEducation(16-18)HigherEducation(18-)Eleven-PlusTestEleven-PlusTestGrammarschoolsSecondarymodernschoolsTechnicalschoolsComprehensiveSchoolsAnewtypeofschool,knownascomprehensiveschools,wasestablishedinthe1960sand1970s.Childrenstudyatcomprehensiveprimaryschoolsbetweenage5and11andthengoontocomprehensivesecondaryschoolswithouttheeleven-plustestandstudythereuntiltheageof16.AnewEducationActin1980AnewEducationActwaspassedafterMargaretThatcherbecamePrimeMinisterinthe1980s.ThenewActallowedchildrentotransferfromstate-runschoolstoprivateschoolsandchurchrelatedschools,withthegovernmentpayingpartofthecost.Italsoallowedparentstochooseschoolsfortheirchildren.TheEducationReformActin1988TheEducationReformActin1988providedfortheestablishmentofaNationalCurriculum.NationalCurriculumThenationalCurriculumdividesprimaryandsecondaryeducationintofourkeystagesandsetstheminimumlearningrequirementsforallchildrenateachstage.Stageoneappliestoinfantschools(5-6)Stagetwocomprisesfiveyears(6-11)Stagethreeincludesthreeyears(11-14)Stagefourincludesthelasttwoyears(14-16)Ateachstagetherearecoresubjectsthataretaughtascompulsorycourses.TheseincludeEnglish,mathematics,science,technology,physicaleducationandreligiouseducation.AnewNationalCurriculumwaslaunchedinNovember2000.AnewNationalCurriculumThenewcurriculumaddedInformationandCommunicationTechnologytotheexistingcurriculaforprimaryandsecondaryeducation.Italsoadvocatedashiftoffocusfromknowledge-basedapproachestoskill-basedones.Theskillsinthecurriculumincludedcommunicativeskills,theskillstosolveproblemsbyusingknowledgeofmathematicsindifferentsituations,cooperativeskills,theskillsforself-enhancementandalso“thinkingskills”.PrimaryandSecondaryEducationTwoparallelschoolsystemsinBritainforprimaryandsecondaryeducation:1.Statesystem(whereeducationisprovidedfree)2.Independentsystem(wherefeesarerequired)ThedifferencesbetweenthetwosystemsTheDifferencesbetweenthetwosystemsTheNationalCurriculumiscompulsoryinthestatesystem,butoptionalintheindependentsystem.Inthestatesystem,primaryeducation(5-11),secondaryeducation(11-16);whileintheindependentsystem,primaryeducation(7-13),secondaryeducation(13-16).Thestateschoolsareco-educationalwhilesomeindependentschoolshaveasinglesexstudentbody.Stateschoolsdon’ttakeininternationalstudentsbelowtheageof16,unlesstheirparentsliveinBritain.Independentschoolswelcomeinternationalstudents.Nowinternationalstudentsaccountfor10%ofallthestudentsintheindependentschools.GCSESixth-formGCEA-LevelGNVQGraduationSixth-formEducationSixth-formeducation,whichlaststwoyears,isconductedeitherintheschoolswheretheyreceivedtheirsecondaryeducation,orinsixth-formcollegesandfurthereducationcollegeswhichareoftenhousedingrammarschools.Inthefirstyearofthe“sixthform”,studentsusuallystudy4or5academiccoursesleadingtoAdvancedSubsidiary(AS)qualification.Attheendofthetwoyears,theytakeexaminationforaGeneralCertificateofEducation,AdvancedLevel(GCEA-Level).AnotherqualificationavailableforstudentsisGeneralNationalVocationalQualification(GNVQ),whichisgrantedwhenstudentspasstheexamforcertainvocationalcourseslikeart,technologyorbusiness.BothA-levelsandAS-levelsaremostcommonentrancequalificationsforstudentstogotouniversities.ManyuniversitiesalsoacceptGNVQastheequivalentofA-level.Independent/PublicSchoolsMostofpublicschoolsaremembersoftheIndependentSchoolsCouncil,anorganizationwhichinspectsmembersschoolseverysixyearstoensurethestandardsrequiredbynationallawaremetandtoenableschoolstoremainregisteredwiththeDepartmentforEducationandSkill.About550publicschoolsareboardingschools.Mostchildrenwhogotopublicschoolsreceivetheirprimaryeducationatpreparatoryschools.Better-fundedBestTeachersFacilitiesBetterChanceHighFees:FortheschoolyearstartinginSeptember,2004,thetoppublicschoolschargearound₤7000pertermforboardingschool.(WestminsterSchool,₤7170;Winchester,₤6886)So,educationinindependentschoolsremainsaprivilegeoftherich.WestminsterSchoolWinchesterCollegeEducationinScotlandThesa