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Book2Chapter1ThePopulationTodaywe’regoingtotalkaboutpopulationintheUnitedStates.Accordingtothemostrecentgovernmentcensus,thepopulationis281,421,906people.Nowthisrepresentsanincreaseofalmost33millionpeoplesincethe1990census.Apopulationofover281millionmakestheUnitedStatesthethirdmostpopulouscountryinthewholeworld.Asyouprobablyknow,thePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthemostpopulouscountryintheworld.Butdoyouknowwhichisthesecondmostpopulous?Well,ifyouthoughtIndia,youwereright.Thefourth,fifth,andsixthmostpopulouscountriesareIndonesia,Brazil,andPakistan.Nowlet’sgetbacktotheUnitedStates.Let’slookatthetotalU.S.populationfigureof281millioninthreedifferentways.Thefirstwayisbyraceandorigin;thesecondisbygeographicaldistribution,orbywherepeoplelive;andthethirdwayisbytheageandsexofthepopulation.Firstofall,let’stakealookatthepopulationbyraceandorigin.ThelatestU.S.censusreportsthat75.1percentofthepopulationiswhite,whereas12.3percentisblack.ThreepercentareofAsianorigin,and1percentisNativeAmerican.2.4percentofthepopulationisamixtureoftwoormoreraces,and5.5percentreportthemselvesas“ofsomeotherrace”.Let’smakesureyourfiguresareright:OK,white,75.1percent;black,12.3percent;Asian,3percent;NativeAmerican,1percent;amixtureoftwoormoreraces,2.4percent;andofsomeotherrace,5.5percent.Hispanics,whoseoriginslieinSpanish-speakingcountries,comprisewhites,blacks,andNativeAmericans,sotheyarealreadyincludedintheabovefigures.ItisimportanttonotethatHispanicsmakeup12.5percentofthepresentU.S.population,however.Finally,thecensustellsusthat31millionpeopleintheUnitedStateswereborninanothercountry.Ofthe31millionforeignborn,thelargestpart,27.6percentarefromMexico.Thenextlargestgroup,fromthePhilippines,number4.3percent.Anotherwayoflookingatthepopulationisbygeographicaldistribution.DoyouhaveanyideawhichstatesarethefivemostpopulousintheUnitedStates?Well,I’llhelpyououtthere.Thefivemostpopulousstates,withpopulationfigures,areCalifornia,withalmost34million;NewYork,with21million;Texas,with19million;andFlorida,with16million;andIllinoiswith12.5millionpeople.Didyougetallthosefiguresdown?Well,ifnot,I’llgiveyouachancelatertocheckyourfigures.Well,then,let’smoveon.Alltold,overhalf,orsome58percentofthepopulation,livesintheSouthandintheWestoftheUnitedStates.Thisfigure,58percent,issurprisingtomanypeople.ItissurprisingbecausetheEastismoredenselypopulated.Nevertheless,therearemorepeoplealltogetherintheSouthandWest.Tounderstandthisseemingcontradiction,oneneedonlyconsidertherelativelylargersizeofmanysouthernandwesternstates,soalthoughtherearemorepeople,theyaredistributedoveralargerarea.Tofinishupthissectionongeographicaldistribution,considerthatmorethanthree-quartersofthepeopleliveinmetropolitanareaslikeLosAngeles,NewYork,Chicago,andHouston.Thatmeansthatonly20percent,or2outof10people,liveinruralareas.Aninterestingsidenoteisthatsome3,800,000U.S.citizensliveabroad,thatis,inforeigncountries.Beforewefinishtoday,IwanttodiscussthedistributionoftheU.S.populationintermsofageandsex.Justforinterest,wouldyousaytherearemoremenormorewomenintheUnitedStates?Well,accordingtothe2000census,therearemorewomen.Infact,therearemorethanfivemillionmorewomenthanmenintheU.S.population.Ifweconsiderthatmoremalesthanfemalesareborneachyear,howcanthisdifferencebeexplained?Well,foravarietyofcomplicatedreasonsthatwecan’tgointohere,thereisaprogressivelyhigherdeathrateformalesastheygetolder.Thisisseenin2003lifeexpectancyfigures:thelifeexpectancyforwomenis80.4yearswhereasformenitisonly74.5years.Idon’tknowhowtheselifeexpectancyfigurescomparetothoseinyourcountries,butstatisticallywomengenerallylivelongerthanmenworldwide.Now,tofinishup,let’slookattheaverageageofthewholepopulation.Overall,theaverageageofthepopulationisincreasing:from33.1yearsin1990to35.3yearsin2000.Theaverageagehasbeenslowly,butsteadily,increasingoverthepastseveraldecades.Thistrendtowardahigheraverageagecanbeexplainedbyadecreasingbirthrateandanincreasinglifeexpectancyforthepopulationasawhole.Well,I’dliketoinvestigatethesetwosubjectsfurther,butIseeourtimeisup,sowe’llhavetocallitquitsfortoday.YoumaywanttopursuethetopicoftheagingU.S.populationfurther,sotherearesomesuggestionsattheendofthelessontohelpyoudoso.Thankyou.ChapterTwoImmigration:PastandPresentTheactofimmigrating,orcomingtoanewcountrytolive,iscertainlynothingnew.Throughouthistory,peoplehaveimmigrated,ormovedtonewcountries,formanydifferentreasons.Sometimesthesereasonswereeconomicorpolitical.Otherpeoplemovedbecauseofnaturaldisasterssuchasdroughtsorfamines.Andsomepeoplemovedtoescapereligiousorpoliticalpersecution.Nomatterwhatthereason,mostpeopledonotwanttoleavetheirnativelandanddosoonlyundergreatpressureofsomesort,butafewpeopleseemquiteadventuresomeandrestlessbynatureandliketomovealot.ItseemsbothkindsofpeoplecametoAmericatolive.ThesubjectofimmigrationisquitefascinatingtomostAmericans,astheyviewthemselvesasanationofimmigrants.However,theearlyBritonswhocametowhatistodaytheUnitedStatesconsideredthemselves“settlers”or“colonists,”ratherthanimmigrants.Thesepeopledidnotexactlythinktheyweremovingtoanewcountrybut