file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Section_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Content_08.psd255,204,051,204,204204,153,255204,153,255252,121,121133,133,255255,201,147219,201,2551钻井及井口装置知识培训职均file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Section_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Content_08.psd255,204,051,204,204204,153,255204,153,255252,121,121133,133,255255,201,147219,201,2552钻井及井口装置常识在油气田勘探开发中,需要钻不同类型的油井,随着井眼的加深,和井下地质情况的不同,要用不同尺寸套管巩固井壁,每下一层套管,都需要在井口悬挂和密封,悬挂和密封套管的装备就是套管头。钻井过程中,为了有控制可能出现的油、气、水显示,在套管头上又安装了钻井四通,防喷器,节流管汇,压井管汇,这就是通常说的井控系统。当一口井钻完需要测试和投产时卸掉防喷器,安装油管四通,采油树等试采井口,套管头在一口井上从始至终安装在井口,是一项非常关键的设备。file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Section_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Content_08.psd255,204,051,204,204204,153,255204,153,255252,121,121133,133,255255,201,147219,201,2553一.钻井基本常识1.钻井过程石油和天燃气埋藏在地下几百米到几千米深度不等的有孔隙,裂缝或溶洞的岩石中,为了寻找和开发石油,天燃气,从地面向地下的油气层之间,钻凿出一个通道的过程称之为钻井。当确定钻井位置后,依靠钻机的动力带动钻杆和钻头旋转,钻头逐次向下破碎岩层,形成井筒,钻井井眼大小是由钻头大小来决定的。钻头在破碎岩层的同时,通过钻杆向地下注入钻井液,将钻头在破碎地层而产生的大量岩屑由循环的钻井液带到地面,地面的固控装置将钻井液中的岩屑清除后,通过钻井泵再次将钻井液打入井内。钻进的过程即钻头破碎岩石,及钻井液通过循环不断携带出钻屑并形成井筒的过程。file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Section_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Content_08.psd255,204,051,204,204204,153,255204,153,255252,121,121133,133,255255,201,147219,201,2554钻达设计深度后,下入专用仪器进行测井作业,目的是确定井下地层岩性和各个油气水层的位置,然后下入套管,并在套管与井壁的环形空间内注入水泥浆将套管固定在井眼内,最后一道工序是对油层位置的套管进行射孔,re人为的形成一个井下油气流入套管的孔道。油气的地层压力高时可自由流到地面,这种井我们称为自喷油气井;油气压力较低时需借助外力从井下抽吸,这种井我们称之为非自喷井。钻井时要有一套完整的功能齐全的钻机,有质量优异不宜发生事故的钻杆,套管和钻头,有性能优良的钻井液等。file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Section_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Content_08.psd255,204,051,204,204204,153,255204,153,255252,121,121133,133,255255,201,147219,201,25552.钻井类别划分油气钻井类别很多,划分的方法也不尽相同。根据世界多数国家比较通用的方法,我国目前钻井类别的划分主要有以下几种:(1)按钻井深度划分:浅井:完钻井深小于2000米的井中深井:完钻井深小于4500米的井深井:完钻井深小于6000米的井超深井:完钻井深超过6000米的井(2)按钻井目的划分:有探井和开发井,探井中又分为地层探井(又称为参数井),预探井和详探井。在开发井中可分为采油采气井,注水注气井,调整井,加密井和资料井等。file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Section_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Content_08.psd255,204,051,204,204204,153,255204,153,255252,121,121133,133,255255,201,147219,201,2556(3)按钻井地区可分为:陆地钻井,海上钻井和沙漠钻井。(4)按旋转钻井的方法可分为:•转盘钻井:利用安装在钻台上的转盘带动钻杆钻头旋转的钻井方法。•顶部驱动装置钻井:利用安装在钻杆上方水龙头部位的动力装置带动钻杆旋转的钻井方法。•井底动力钻井:利用井底动力钻具带动钻头旋转的钻井方法,包括涡轮钻具钻井,螺杆钻具钻井和电动钻具钻井。(5)按钻井井型划分:•直井,定向井:按既定的方向偏离井口垂线一定距离钻达目标的井。•丛式井:一个井场或一个钻井平台上,按设计钻出两口或两口以上的定向井。•大位移井:完钻后井底水平位移是垂深两倍以上的定向井。•水平井:井斜角大于或等于86度,并保持这种角度钻完一定长度水平段的定向井。•分支井:一个井口下面有两个或两个以上井底的定向井)和欠平衡压力钻井(井筒的液柱压力低于地层压力的钻井。file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Section_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Content_08.psd255,204,051,204,204204,153,255204,153,255252,121,121133,133,255255,201,147219,201,25573井身结构导管:油井中下入的第一层管子叫导管,目的是防止地表土层垮塌,引导钻头入井,建立最初的钻井液循环通道。导管通常下入深度为30-50米。(导管上部不安装套管头)表层套管:下入的第二层管子叫表层套管,目的在于巩固上部疏松岩层的井壁,封住地层水,流沙层,砾石层或浅气层。表层套管上要安装套管头及井控设备,并支撑后下入的技术套管,长度一般为100-300米。file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Section_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Content_08.psd255,204,051,204,204204,153,255204,153,255252,121,121133,133,255255,201,147219,201,2558技术套管:位于表层套管内的套管叫技术套管,为了隔离高压油、气水层或漏失层及坍塌层。深井、超深井及地质情况复杂时,需下若干层技术套管。油层套管:下入井内的最后一层套管,形成坚固的井筒,使生产层的油或气由井底沿着这层套管流至井口,建立一条长期开采油气的通道。以上各层套管与井壁的环形空间,都需注水泥加固(固井)。每下一层套管要安装一次井口。为节省钢材,降低钻井成本,在满足钻井工艺要求的前提下,应少下或不下技术套管,有的井在技术套管下部下入尾管。。file://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCenter\POWERPOINTTEMPLATE\Santaclause\Cover_08.psdfile://\\IBHKP03VF\HALFWAY\ArtworkDesignbyHKPresCente