实用英语语音学

TheEnglishSpeechSounds主讲：梁慧Theimportanceofphoneticstudy1)Phoneticsisthescienceofspeechsounds.Itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguage.Alanguageconsistsofthreeimportantelements,namely,speechsounds,vocabularyandgrammar.Speechsoundisthematerialformonwhichwordandgrammarrelyforexistence.Divorcedfromspeechsound,wordandgrammararenon-existent.Sothefirststepinstudyinganyspokenlanguageistodeterminethephonemes.(Basicsounds)2)Asameansofcommunicationbywordofmouth,languageisusedinoralspeechandinreadingaloud.Therefore,inordertomakeoneselfeasilyunderstoodwhileexpressingone’sownorotherpeople’sthoughtsinanylanguage,onemustbeabletopronouncesentencesinthatlanguagequitecorrectly.Onemusthavegoodpronunciationinordertobeabletounderstandotherpeopleeasilywhentheyspeakorreadaloud.Thisisprovedbythewell-knownfactthatthebetterwepronounceaforeignlanguage,theeasierweunderstanditwhenwehearit.ConceptionsofphoneticAHD:TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageKK:APronouncingDictionaryofAmerican,1956----JohnSamuelKenyon&JohnAlbertKnottDJ:EnglishPronouncingDictionary,1963----DanielJonesRP:EnglishPronouncingDictionary--“ReceivedPronunciation”IPA:InternationalPhoneticAlphabet,1888----InternationalPhoneticAssociationTohaveagoodpronunciationmeans:1.Topronouncecorrectlyallthespeechsoundsofthelanguageandallthecombinationsintheirproperordernotonlyinisolatedwords,butalsoinsentences2.Topronouncesentencesfluentlyatthespedrequiredbythesituation,withcorrectstresses,linkingofsounds,rhythm,pausesandintonation.TheorgansofspeechNasalcavity------鼻腔Mouthcavity------口腔Tongue------舌Lips------唇Teeth------齿Theteethridge-------齿龈Thehardpalate------硬腭Thesoftpalate------软腭uvula------小舌Pharynx------咽头Larynx------喉头Thevocalcords------声带Windpipe------气管TheclassificationofSpeechsoundsTheorgansofspeecharecapableofmakingmanydifferentkindsofspeechsounds.Fromthepracticalstandpoint,speechsoundsaregenerallydividedintoVowelsandConsonants.☆Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.Inproducingthemthereisvibrationofthevocalcords,soallvowelsarevoiced.InEnglishtherearetwentyvowelsinall.☆Consonantsaresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairpassageandbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Therearetwenty-eightconsonantsinEnglish.TheEnglishPhonetic/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ//a:/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/,/u:/,/u/./ʌ/,/ə:/,/ə//ei/,/ai/,/ɔi/,/əu/,/au/,/iə/,/ɛə/,/uə//p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g//f/,/v/,/Θ/,/ð/,/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/h//ʧ/,/ʤ/,/tr/,/dr/,/ts/,/dz/,/m/,/n/,/ŋ//r/,/j/,/w/VowelsGeneralRemarksontheVowelsTheEnglishvowelsaredividedintotwolargegroups:Monophthongs(purevowels)DiphthongsMonophthongs:Therearetwelvemonophthongs.Theymaybeclassifiedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:1)Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue:wedistinguishopenvowels,half-openvowels,half-closevowelsandclosevowels.2)Thepartofthetongueraised:wedistinguishfront,backandcentralvowels.3)Thelengthofthevowel:wedistinguishlongvowelsandshortones.4)Theposition(orshape)ofthelips:wedistinguishroundedvowelsandunroundedones.5)Thedegreeoftenseness:wedistinguishtensevowelsandlaxvowels.TheFrontVowelsTherearefourfrontvowelsinEnglish:/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/./i:/isalong,closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandtense./i/isashort,half-closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandlax./e/isashort,half-open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax./æ/isashort,open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.Exampleandpractice/i:/e:meevening;ee:seeweekea:sealeave;i:machinepolice/i/i:shippig;y:happydaddyui:buildguilty;ie:fieldshield/e/e:twelvesecond;a:anymanyea:heavybreakfastie:friend/æ/a:landmatterfamilyTheBackVowelsTherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:/a:/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/,/u:/,/u/./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel./ɔ:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.Itisslightlytense./ɔ/isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel./u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvowel./u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxbackvowel.Exampleandpractice/a:/ar:hardfarmer;a:classglassal:halfcalf/ɔ:/or:shortcorn;ore:morebeforeoor:doorfloor/ɔ/our:fourpour;a:washwhato:stophotau:autumndaughter;al:callwalk/u:/u:blueruler;oo:moonfood/u/u:put;oo:footgood;oul:couldwouldThecentralVowelsTherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:/ʌ/,/ə:/,/ə/./ʌ/isashort,half-open,unroundedcentralvowel.Itisalaxone./ə:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tensecentralvowel./ə/isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentralvowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.Exampleandpractice/ʌ/u:sunhungry;o:sonanotherou:enoughcoupledoubleyoung/ə:/er:termcertainly;ir:firstthirdur:turnThursday;or:workwordear:learnearly/ə/a:awaywoman;e:studentbrokener:overmatterDiphthongsThereareeightdiphthongs.Theyaredividedintothreegroups:threewithaglidetowards/i/twowithaglidetowards/u/threewithaglidetowards/ə/TheclosingDiphthongsTherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish./ei/,/ai/,/ɔi/,/əu/,/au//ei/beginswith/e/andglidessmoothlyto/i//ai/glidesfrom/a/to/i/.Itissmoothandloudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses./ɔi/glidesfromapositionbetween/ɔ/and/ɔ:/to/i/./əu/startswith/ə:/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded./au/startswith/a/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.Exampleandpractice/ei/a:takegate;ay:staysay;ea:gr