美国文学 Mark Twain

RegionalismorLocalColorismRegionalismorLocalColorism1865-1880/18951.Definition2.Appearance3.Tasksoflocalcolourists4.TheFirstlocalColorist5.features6.MajorLocalColoristsavariationofAmericanliteraryrealismAtypeofwritingthatwaspopularinthelate19thcentury,particularlyinmagazinesketches.Attentivetothedialectandcustomsofregionalculturesthoughttobevanishinginthefaceofthemoderncorporation.2.Appearancea.unevendevelopmentineconomyinAmericab.culture:flourishingoffrontierliterature,humoristsc.magazinesappearedtoletwriterpublishtheirworks3.Tasksoflocalcolouriststowriteorpresentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.4.TheFirstlocalColoristWriterBretHarte,布列特·哈特Thefirstwork:TheLuckofRoaringCamp(《咆哮营的幸运儿》,1865)5.featuresLocalcolororregionalliteratureisfictionandpoetrythatfocuseson:thecharactersthedialectsthecustomsotherfeaturesparticulartoaspecificregionConcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince.Thecharacteristicsetting:theisolatedsmalltown.Itsweaknessesmayincludenostalgiaorsentimentality.Itscustomaryform:thesketchorshortstory,althoughHamlinGarlandarguedforthenoveloflocalcolor.6.MajorLocalColoristsMarkTwain,马克·吐温(1835-1910)BretHarte,布莱特·哈特(1836-1902)KateChopin,凯特·肖邦(1851-1904)HamlinGarland,加兰(1860-1940)MarkTwainGreatliterarygiantofAmerica(1835-1910)PennameofSamuelLanghorneClemensH.L.Mencken:“(Twain)thetruefatherofournationalliterature”I.LifeII.LiteraryCareerIII.StyleIV.ArtisticFeaturesV.MainWorks1.LifeborninFlorida,MissourionNovember30,1835toaTennesseecountrymerchantthesixthofsevenchildrenOnly3survivedchildhood.theMarkTwainbirthplaceinFlorida,MissouriWhenTwainwas4,hisfamilymovedtoHannibal,MissouriaporttownontheMississippiRiverthatservedastheinspirationforthefictionaltownofSt.PetersburginTheAdventuresofTomSawyerAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnMarkTwain'sHannibalhouseAtthattime,MissouriwasaslavestateYoungTwainbecamefamiliarwiththeinstitutionofslavery,athemehewouldlaterexploreinhiswriting.In1847whenTwainwas11,hisfatherdiedofpneumonia.Thenextyear,hebecameaprinter'sapprentice.In1851,hebeganworkingasatypesetterandcontributorofarticlesandhumoroussketchesfortheHannibalJournal.MarkTwainMemorialBridgeI-72MississippiRiverCrossingAtHannibalWhenhewas18,heleftHannibalandworkedasaprinterinNewYorkCityPhiladelphiaSt.Louis['lu(:)i]CincinnatiHeeducatedhimselfinpubliclibrariesintheevenings,findingwidersourcesofinformation.At22,TwainreturnedtoMissouri([mi'zuəri]).HisapprenticeshipasasteamboatpilotontheMississippiwhichlaterwasendedbytheadventoftheCivilWar.JoinedinanexcursiontoNevada.“MarkTwainRiverboat,Hannibal,Missouri”Hannibal,MO:SignontheMarkTwain-SteamboatPilotstatueGainedemploymentatalocalnewspaperin1862.Clemenshaddisplayedauniquegiftforwritingmaterial.In1863ClemensassumedthepseudonymMarkTwain,aMississippiphrasewhichmeanttwofathomsdeep.obtainedemploymentasajournalistinSanFranciscoItwastherethatthathiscontributionstovariousnewspapersandmagazinesincreaseddramatically.Twain’sliterarysuccessculminatedin1865,whentheNewYorkSaturdayPresspublished,“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”In1867,TwaintookhislecturesacrosstheAtlanticOcean,andhisvisitstoFrance,Italy,andtheHolyLandwouldprovidehimwithampleopportunitytosatirizeEuropeanculture.Hisvisitsweretranslatedintotravelletters,whichwouldcontributetotheformatofTheInnocentsAbroadin1869.FollowinghisreturntotheUnitedStates,TwainmarriedOliviaLangdon,andshortlythereafterheproducedRoughingIt.ThenewlywedsmovedtoHartford,Conneticut;atownwhichboastedanimpressivepedigreeofwriters.Twainwasprolificduringtheyearsextendingfrom1869until1889.Itwasduringthisperiodoftimethatheproducedtheclassics:TheAdventuresofTomSawyerLifeontheMississippiTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnTwainmadeasubstantialamountofmoneythroughhiswriting,buthesquanderedmuchofitinbadinvestments,mostlyinnewinventions,particularlythePaigetypesettingmachine.Hisexperiencewithbank-ruptcyforcedhimtoconductlecturesasameansofincome,andthisreversalinfortuneseemedtoaffecthispersonalphilosophyaswell.Twainpassedthroughaperiodofdeepdepressionin1896hisfavoritedaughterSusydiedofmeningitisOlivia,hiswife,diedin1904Jean,anotherdaughter,diedin1909Herepeatedlyemphasizedthedeterministic(注定的)natureofman,whichnecessarilyconflictedwiththeideaofchoiceinmoralsituations.ThebookthatexemplifiesthisbroodinguncertaintyevidentduringTwain’slateryearsis,TheTragedyofPudd’nheadWilson,whichwaspublishedin1894.In1909,Twainisquotedassaying:“IcameinwithHalley’sCometin1835.Itiscomingagainnextyear,andIexpecttogooutwithit.ItwillbethegreatestdisappointmentofmylifeifIdon’tgooutwithHalley’sComet.TheAlmightyhassaid,nodoubt:‘Nowherearethesetwounaccountablefreaks;theycameintogether,theymustgoouttogether.’”Hispredictionwasaccurate:TwaindiedofaheartattackonApril21,1910inRedding,Connecticut,onedayafterthecomet’sclosestapproachtoEarth.UponhearingofTwain’sdeath,PresidentTaftsaid:“MarkTwaingavepleasure—realintellectualenjoyment—tomillions,andhisworkswi