HistoryAndAnthologyofAmericanLiterature(VolumeⅡ)美国文学史及选读2PartⅣTheLiteratureOfRealism现实主义文学1.美国国内战争CivilWar1861-1865.美国现实主义文学:他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法,他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉theysoughttoportrayAmericanlifeasitreallywas,,insistingthattheordinaryandlocalwereassuitableforartisticportrayalasthemagnificentandtheremote.2.现实主义一词来源于法语realisme,她是一种文学原则,她强调描写平凡的生活,强调其“真实性和现实性”。RealismhadoriginatedinFranceasrealisme,aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”inthedepictionofordinarylife.“现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实,即不能夸张,也不能缩小”,WilliamDeanHowells(豪厄斯)definedrealismas“nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说,他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面,因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望,什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家,作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来hespokeoutagainstthewritingofableakfictionoffailureanddespair.Hecalledforthetreatmentofthe“Smilingaspectsoflife”asbeingthemore“American”,insistingthatAmericanwastrulyalandofhopeandofpossibilitythatshouldbereflectedinitsliterature.3.美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理,这是其局限,然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限,詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨,他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。马克·吐温打破了乡土小说的狭窄局限,前所未有地描述了广阔的美国生活thebulkofAmerica’sliteraryrealismwaslimitedtooptimistictreatmentofthesurfaceoflife.YetthegreatestofAmerica’srealists,HenryJamesandMarkTwain,movedwellbeyondasuperficialportrayalofnineteenth-centuryAmerica.Jamesprobeddeeplyintotheindividualpsychologyofhischaracters,writinginarichandintricatestylethatsupportedhisintensescrutinyofcomplexhumanexperience.MarkTwain,breakingoutofthenarrowlimitsoflocalcolorfiction,describedthebreadthofAmericanexperienceasnoonehadeverdonebefore,orsince.4.美国新的现实主义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法,他们设法尽力客观,真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活,他们强调世界的非道德性,他们认为,人们并没有意志的自由,他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限;他们还认宗教上的“真理”是虚幻的,人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的,死亡以后,一切又烟消云散了naturalism,anewandharsherrealism.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclassedwhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thatreligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.一、WaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-18921.美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一,他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗oneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature.Intheclusterofpoemshecalled“LeavesofGrass”hegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗,在这种诗歌中,没有固定的节拍,也没有有规律的韵脚,惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声thepoeticstylehedevisedisnowcalledfreeverse-thatis,poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Whitmanthoughtthatthevoiceofdemocracyshouldnotbehalteredbytraditionalformsofverse.2.1855年出版《草叶集》第一部,其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作者痴迷的纽约,少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写,在诗歌中,惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人,社会下层的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”areaboutmanandnature.However,asmallnumberofverygoodpoemsdealwithNewYork,thecitythatfascinatedWhitman,andwiththeCivilWar.Inhispoetry,Whitmancombinedtheidealofthedemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual.他给诗人重新进行了定义,他认为诗人是一个英雄,是一个救世主,还是先知,诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众inhispoetry,Whimancombinedtheidealofthedemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual.Heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth.3.教材作品:《自己之歌》:”SongofMyself”《我坐在这儿眺望着》:”IsitandLookOut”《敲呀!敲呀!鼓啊!》:”Drum-TapsBeat!Beat!Drums”二、EmilyDickinson爱米丽·狄金森1830-18861.她的诗歌古怪、简洁,她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠,她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事,和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理,并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌shewroteherwhimsical,dartingversewithsublimeindifferencetoanynotionofbeingademocraticorpopularpoet.Herworkillustratedthefactthatonecouldtakeasinglehouseholdandaninactivelife,andmakeenchantingpoetryoutofit.2.她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起,1862年以后,她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活,从此再也没有离开过自己的家乡,也没有同朋友聚会,狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一桩不满爱情的影响,但主要可能还是源于她自己独特的个性,源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望,她诗歌并没有受到生活局限,相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象力sheandhersisterremainedathomeanddidnotmarry.After1862shebecameatotalrecluse,notleavingherhousenorseeingevenclosefriends.Herlaterretirementfromtheworld,thoughperhapsaffectedbyanunhappyloveaffair,seemsmainlytohaveresultedfromherownpersonality,fromadesiretoseparateherselffromtheworld.Therangeofherpoetrysuggestsnotherlimitedexperiencesbutthepowerofhercreativityandimagination.3.她在世时,发表了仅七首诗,爱米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品,也无意去出版这些作品Emily,however,refusedtoreviseherpoemstofitthestandardsofothersandtooknointerestinhavingthempublished;infactshehadonlysevenpoemspublishedduringherlifetime.4.她的诗歌富有激情,诗歌都很短,很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上,狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却对生活中的大部分重大事件进行了探讨EmilyDickinson’spoetrycomesoutinbursts.Thepoemsareshort,manyofthembeingbasedonasingleimageorsymbol.ButwithinherlittlelyricsMissDickinsonwritesaboutsomeofthemostimportantthingsinlife.5.教材作品:《我品味未经酿造的饮料》:”Itastealiquorneverbrewed”《我意识到一场葬礼》:”IFeltaFuneral,inMyBrain”《鸟儿沿着小径过来》:“ABirdCameDowntheWalk-“《我为美而死》:”IDiedforBeauty-butWasScarce”《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时》:”IHeardaFlyBuzz-whenIdied-“《我不能等候死神》:”BecauseICouldnotStopforDeath-“三、HarrietBeecherStowe哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托1811-18961.她出生名门,父亲莱曼是当地有名的牧师,父亲在家“一手遮天”,非常专横,对待他们兄妹非常严厉,他希望家里的男孩子将来成为传教士,女孩子能够嫁