unit-5-Judiciary-and-religion

Unit5JudiciaryobjectivesUnderstandthebasicprinciplesoftheBritishlegalsystemGettoknowsomespecialfeaturesoftheBritishjudicialsystemBefamiliarwiththeBritishcourtsystemIntroductionThejudiciarysystemoftheUKisamongtheoldestandmosttraditionalofBritishinstitutions.TheU.S.:legislative,executiveandjudicialTheU.K.:noministryofjustice没有司法部EnglandandWales:LordChancellor---theHouseofLords(supremeexecutivebodyofthelaw)TheruleoflawThebasicprincipleoftheunwrittenBritishConstitution.Whataretheprinciplesoftheruleoflaw?Everyoneisboundbythelaw.Allpersonsareequalbeforethelaw.Lawandordermustbemaintainedthroughtheofficialsandinstitutionsofthestate.Legalredressisprovidedforcitizenswhentheyfeeltheyhaveexperiencedinjustice.Thelawandlegalprocessesandpersonnelshouldbeindependentfrompoliticalinterference.StatueofJusticeSourcesoflawWhatarethesourcesoflawinEnglandandwales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandrespectively?SourcesofLawLawinEnglandandWalesCommonlawStatutelawEuropeanUnionLawCommonlawDevelopedoverthecenturiesthroughcourtdecisionsbutunmodifiedinpreviouslegalcases,calledprecedentsdifferentfromwrittencodesderivedfromRomanlawStatutelawFormalwrittenlawspassedbytheWestminsterorScottishParliamentsSupremeoverotherlaws,includingcommonlawEuropeanUnionLawUKentertheEECin1973ConfinedtoeconomicandsocialmattersEUlawtakesprecedenceoverBritishdomesticlaw.TheEuropeanCourt(Luxembourg):themostauthoritativerulingsLawinScotlandcommonlawofScotlandlegislationenactedbytheUKorScottishParliamentEUlaw.LawinNorthernIrelandLegalsysteminNIissimilartothatofEnglandandWalestheNorthernIrelandAssemblyhashadlegislativeandexecutiveauthorityforalldevolvedmattersfrom2000andcanthereforemakelawsinNorthernIreland.TheCourtSystemCriminalcourts（刑事法院）Civilcourts（民事法庭）Criminallaw:theruleslaiddownbythestateforcitizensandactspunishablebythestateCivillaw:governstherelationshipsandtransactionsAdministrativelaw:(specialsortofcivillaw)concernstheinteractionsofcitizenswiththestate—thequestionofcitizenrightsandredressofgrievanceCourtsysteminEnglandandWalestheHouseofLords:thehighestCourtofAppeal(CriminalDivision)（上诉法院刑事庭）theCrownCourt（皇家刑事法院）themagistrates’courts（地方法院）CriminalCourtsMinorcriminaloffenses(summaryoffences)areheardinlocalmagistrates’courtseitherbythreelaymagistrates(calledJusticesofthePeace,orJPs)assistedbyalegallytrainedclerk,orbyafull-timemagistrate.Moreseriousoffences(calledindictable-onlyoffences)passedonbythemagistrates’courtstotheCrownCourttobeheard.whenthedefendantpleadsguilty,ajuryisnotrequired.Ajuryconsistsofagroupofordinarycitizens:12inE,W,NI.15inScotland.Either-waycases(fallinbetweensummaryoffencesandindictable-onlyoffences)heardineitherofthetwoabovecourts.TheCrownCourtalsohearsappealsfromthemagistrates’court.ConvictionsandsentencesfromtheCrownCourtmaybetakentotheCourtofAppealsfortheCriminalDivision.ThehighestandfinalcourtofappealsistheHouseofLords.CourtsysteminNorthernIrelandsimilartothatofEnglandandWalesthesuperiorcourts:theSupremeCourtofJudicaturetheCourtofAppealtheHighCourttheCrownCourtCourtsysteminScotlandMinorcases:triedbylayJusticesofthePeaceindistrictcourtsMoreseriouscases:triedinSheriff’scourtsThemostseriouscases:dealtwithbytheCourtofJusticiary,heardbyajudgeandajuryof15laypeople.EnglandandWalesTheCountyCourts（郡法院）:90%ofcivilcasesTheFamilyDivision（家事庭）TheHighCourtTheChanceryDivision（大法官庭）Queen’sBenchDivision（王座庭）CivilCourtsCourtofAppeal(CivilDivision)上诉法院（民事庭）HouseofLordsScotland:mostheardinsheriff’sCourtwithsomeexceptionsinthehigherCourtofSessionNorthernIreland:mostintheHighCourtTheCourtSystemCivilbranchCriminalbranchCountyCourtMagistrates’Court(JPs,stipendiarymagistrates)CrownCourtHighCourt(QBD,CCD,FD)CourtofAppealCourtofAppealHouseofLordsThelegalprofessionTheLordChancellor:headofthejudiciaryDuties:recommendsalljudicialappointmentstotheCrownandappointsmagistrates.AttorneyGeneral:thechieflegaladviseroftheCrowninEnglandandWalesTheJudges:chosenfromtheranksofseniorbarristersandsolicitorsnotsubjecttoministerialdirectionorcontrollife-longappointmenttillretirementat70Solicitorsdealwithgenerallegalworktobecomesolicitor:1.auniversitydegree2.passprofessionalexaminationsorganisedbytheLawSociety(aself-regulatingprofessionalbody)3.two-yeartraineesolicitorBarristers(advocatesinScotland)lawyerstopleadcasesincourtduties:givespecialisedlegaladviceactasadvocatesinthecourtsReligion•Objectives•BefamiliarwiththeChurchofEngland•GettoknowsomethingabouttheChurchofScotland•BeinformedofotherChristiandenominations•KnowabouttheroleofreligionintheUKTheChurchofEnglandCalledTheAnglicanChurch（圣公会）UndertheActofSettlement1701,theBritishmonarchisrequiredtobeamemberoftheChurchofEnglandandholdsthetitlesofSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandandDefenderoftheFaith.ThechurchisbasedonanEpiscopalhierarchyTwoProvincesofCanterburyandYorkTheArchbishopofCanterbury:thePrimateofAllEngland,seniorheadofthetwo.basedattheCanterburyCathedralinKentWestminsterAbbeyisusedforthecoronationofallBritishMonarchsJustinWelby贾斯汀·韦尔比(2013.2---)CanterburyCat