英语句子成分及练习课件

语法复习----句子成分一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。二）主语：主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。（但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。）主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Threeplustwoisfive.2.Itisagreatpleasuretoswimintheriver3.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.4.Therearemanystudentsinmyclass.5.Areyouastudent?6.Herecomesthebus.7.HecandoitandsocanI.8.Whowillattendthemeetinghasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（三）谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.谓语体现时态和语态。I.时态现在时：一般现在时:现在进行时:现在完成时:现在完成进行时:过去时:一般过去时:过去进行时:过去完成时：过去将来时：将来时:一般将来时:将来进行时:将来完成时:语态Is/am/are+---或does/doIs/am/are+doingHas/have+doneHas/have+been+doingWas/were+---或didWas/were+doingHad+doneWould/should+doShall/will+doShall/will+be+doingShall/will+have+doneIs/am/are+Is/am/are+being+Has/have+been+----------------------Was/were+Was/were+being+Had+been+Would/should+be+Shall/will+be+-----------------------Shall/will+have+been+done（与非谓语比较）Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.Wearestudents.非谓语动词todotohavedonetobedoingtobedonetohavebeendone\doinghavingdonedonebeingdonehavingbeendone主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式√√√√动名词√√√分词√√√√√√√1.Shefoundthedoorclosed.2.Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hemadethesamemistake.3.Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitmuchbetter.4.Walkingonthestreet,hecameacrosshisformerteacher.5.Themeetingbeingheldisveryimportant.6.Abigfirebrokeoutinashop,causing100deaths.（四）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动词ing、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.Theweatherhasturnedcold.2.Thespeechisexciting.3.HisjobistoteachEnglish.4.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.5.Timeisup.Theclassisover.6.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（五）宾语宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（不定式短语）（动词ing短语）（宾语从句）（六）宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Weoftenhearthesongsungbyhim.7.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.8.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.6.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.7.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.（八）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?whenIcomeback.2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.becauseitrained.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.whereweoncelived.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.AsIdo.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.Inorderthathecancatchwiththeothers7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：1.ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.2.Manystudents,about60,areinmyclass.3.Thefactthatourteamwonthegamehasbeenknowntoall.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组Sheisdancingunderthetree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！第一种：S+Vi(主语+谓语动词)第二种：S+Vt+O(主语+谓语动词+宾语)第三种：S+V+P(主语+连系动词+表语)第四种：S+Vt+InO+DO(主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)第五种：S+Vt+O+OC(主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语)基本句型汉译英练习主谓结构（S十V）本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成,常用来表示主语的动作。如：Thesunrises.主语可有修饰语---定语，如，Theredsunrises.谓语可有修饰语---状语，如，Theredsunrisesintheeast.2．S十Vt十O主谓宾结构Iloveyou.Theytookgoodcareofthechildren3.S十V十P主系表结构Iamastudent.4.S十Vt十O十C主谓宾补结构说明:用宾补补充说明宾语，才能表达一个完整的意念，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。Youm