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名词一、名词分类：名词分为普通名词和专有名词普通名词：表示同一类的人或物的名称，又可分为个体名词，如boy,house,insect,tiger等；物质名词，如air,snow,bread,rice等；抽象名词，如glory,honesty,failure,education等。专有名词：表示个人、国家、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称，如ChengDu,China,Obama,ChinaCentralTelevision等。名词的两大考点：数与格二、名词的数1.普通名词：可数名词和不可数名词(1)可数名词：包括个体名词和集体名词△个体名词:表示个体的人或事物名称的词。如：teacher,student,boy,book,bag每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。A.单数表示“一个”的概念。用名词的单数时，名词前需加a或an。如abook（一本书）、anapple（一个苹果）、anorange（一个橘子）等。B.复数表示两个或两个以上的物体。如twopencils（两枝铅笔）、threeweeks（三周）等。△集合名词：表示一群人或一些事物名称的词。如：people,family,class,furniture复数形式的构成有两种：规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。规则名词复数形式的构成词形复数形式的构成方法例词大多数名词在词尾加-s。（在清辅音后读[s]，在浊辅音及元音后读[z]。）cat——catsbook---booksdog----dogsbag——bagsboy---boys以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词在词尾加-es,读作[iz]。glass——glassesmatch——matches以辅音字母+y结尾的名词把y变成i,加-es,读作[iz]city——cities但专有名词例外，直接在y后加-s,读作[z]Canadian——CanadiansAmerican——Americans以辅音字母+o结尾的名词一般直接加-es,读作[z];tomato——tomatoespotato——potatoes某些词例外,加-skilo--kilos,piano—pianos,photo——photos以元音字母+o结尾的名词直接加-s,但读作[z]zoo——zoosradio——radios以f或fe结尾的名词有的直接加-s,读作[z]roof——roofs大多数要将f或fe变为v,再加-es,读作[z]leaf——leaveswife——wivesknife—knivesyourself---yourselves不规则名词复数形式的构成注意事项:只能用于复数形式的名词有:clothes,trousers,pants,shoes,socks单数名词用于复数含义:people,public,police特殊名词的讲解：⑴people作“人们，人民”解时，只有复数形式，谓语动词作复数。作“民族”解时，单复数不同，复数要在词尾加s。Therearefivepeopleinmyfamily.我家有五口人。Therearefifty-sixpeoplesinourcountry.我们国家有56个民族。⑵clothes等属于无单数形式的复数名词，谓语作复数。例：Myfavoriteclothesarepants.⑶pants,shoes,glasses,shorts，scissors等名词，由两部分构成，常以复数形式出现，谓语动词要用复数。要表示单数常用apairof表示，此时如作主语，谓语要作单数看待。例：Yourpantsareblue.Thispairofpantsismine.⑷集体名词看作整体时，谓语用单数;指成员时，谓语用复数。Hisfamilyisalargefamily.指整体Hisfamilylikeanimals.指成员⑸有的名词单复数意思不同：fish鱼fishes鱼的种类,paper纸papers报纸，卷子，论文,work工作works作品，工厂,glass玻璃glasses玻璃杯，眼镜,orange桔子水oranges橙子,light光线lights灯,people人peoples民族,time时间times时代,次数,chicken鸡肉chickens小鸡例：hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。Myhairisblack.我的头发是黑色的。Ilikefruit.It’sgoodforyou.我喜欢水果,水果对你的身体有好处。但如果表示若干根头发或各种水果，则需用复数形式.HomerSimpsonhasthreehairs.辛普森有三根头发。Shelikespears,peachesandotherfruits.他喜欢梨，桃和其它水果。复数形式的构成特点例词通过改变词内元音字母man——menfoot——feettooth——teethmouse——mice（老鼠）通过在词尾加-en或-renox——oxen（牛）child——children单复数形式相同asheep——twosheepadeer——twodeer（鹿）aChinese——twoChinese（中国人）Exercise:一）在后面加s。如：cat-catsbag-bagsday-daysfathers,books,Americans1、Some______areflyingkitesneartheriver.A.childB.boyC.boysD.childs二）x,sh,ch,s,tch后加es。如：class—classesmatch—matchesbox-----boxesdish----dishesboxes,glasses,dresses,watches,wishes1.Therearemany________(fox)inthepicture.2．The_____hastwo______.A.boys,watchesB.boy,watchC.boy,watchesD.boys,watch三）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es如：baby-babies,family-families,duty-duties,story-stories1.Their________(dictionary)looknew.以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。(元音是字母a,e,i,o,u)如：day-days,boy-boys,toy-toys,key-keys,ways四）以o结尾(没有生命的)加s（外来词）。如：photos，zoos,pianos,radios,（有生命的）加es：如:tomatoes西红柿,potatoes马铃薯1、Weneedsomemore____.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.potatoe2．Therearelotsof_____inthebasketonthetable.A.tomatosB.tomatoC.tomatoesD.tomatoss3.Let'stake________(photo),OK?4.Ihavelotsof________(tomato)here.五）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es。如：knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves,shelf-shelves,leaf-leaves,yourself-yourselves1、Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree___.A.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.leave2、Twelve_______werehurt,butno_________werelostinthataccident.A.person;lifeB.people;livesC.peoples;livesD.persons;life3.The________(leaf)onthetreeturn-yellow.六）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish,sheep,deer鹿子,Chinese,Japanese,Germen1、---Arethereany________onthefarm?---Yes,therearesome.A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep2、Therearealotof_______downtherebuthardlyany_______.A.sheeps,peopleB.sheep,peopleC.sheeps,peoplesD.sheep,peoples3．Canyouseenine_____inthepicture?A.sheepB.dogC.pigD.horse4．Therearefour_____andtwo______inthegroup.A.Japanese,GermenB.Japaneses,GermenC.Japanese,GermansD.Japaneses,Germans5.Howmany________(sheep)arethereonthehill?七）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people,shorts,shoes,glasses,gloves,clothes,socks1.Therearefive________(people)inhisfamily.2、Therearealotof_______downtherebuthardlyany_______.A.sheeps,peopleB.sheep,peopleC.sheeps,peoplesD.sheep,peoples3、Twelve_______werehurt,butno_________werelostinthataccident.A.person;lifeB.people;livesC.peoples;livesD.persons;life八）单词形式不变，既可以是单数也可以是复数的有：police警察局，警察,class班，同学,family家，家庭成员九）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：actionmovie-actionmovies,Looker-onLookers-on1、Thepoliceinvestigatedthose_____abouttheaccident.A.stander-byC.standers-byB.stander-bysD.standers-bys但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：mandoctor-mendoctors,womanteacher-womenteachers1、Allthe______inthehospitalgotariselastmonth.a.womendoctorsc.womandoctorsb.womendoctord.womandoctor2．Two______wouldcometothevillage.A.woman-doctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoctors3.Theyare________(woman)doctors.十）特殊形式的有：man-men,policeman-policemen,Englishman-Englishmen，woman-women,child-children,foot-feet,mouse-mice,tooth-teeth1、One______ofMike’swashurtintheaccidentyesterday.A.toothB.feetC.handD.ear2、Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.A.toothB.toothsC.teethD.teeths3.Thecatcaughttwo______lastnight.A.mousesB.miceC.mouseD.mices4．TheJapanese____willnotleaveChi