•海生藻类时代•蕨类时代:远在三亿年前,多为高大乔木群。后灭绝,现多为草本。•裸子植物出现在三亿年前,随地史气候多次重大变化而演替变更,繁衍至今,现存的银杏,油松,铁杉,银杉,金钱松,水杉,水松等都是第三纪的孑遗植物。•被子植物最早出现在一亿年前即中生代侏罗纪,到现在仍是最优势的植物类群,也就是说在一亿年前有真正的花,典型的花。Landplantshaveexistedforabout425millionyears.•Earlyseedbearingplants,liketheginkgo,andconifers(suchaspinesandfirs),didnotproduceflowers.辽西地区的“世界最早的花”辽宁古果,古果科thereisonlyhardevidenceofsuchflowersexistingabout130millionyearsago被子植物门AngiospermThefloweringplantsorangiospermsarethemostwidespreadgroupoflandplants.Theflowersoffloweringplantsarethemostremarkablefeaturedistinguishingthemfromotherseedplants.Closedcarpelenclosingtheovules(carpelorcarpelsandaccessorypartsmaybecomethefruit)弗吉尼亚木兰(Magnoliavirginiana,一种开芳香白花的木兰).被子植物门特点:1被子植物具有典型的花,胚珠包藏于由心皮密封而成的子房中,而不裸露,即包被起来。2叶片都宽大,网状脉或平行脉,被子植物门也称阔叶树。分两类:一类是阔叶树分布在热带亚热带,另一类落叶阔叶树,分布温带。3被子植物胚中子叶(cotyledon)1或2,根据子叶数目不同分两个纲:单子叶植物纲(monocotyledon)和双子叶植物纲地(dicotyledon)。分类•Thenumberofspeciesoffloweringplantsisestimatedtobeintherangeof250,000to400,000.•Thediversityoffloweringplantsisnotevenlydistributed.Nearlyallspeciesbelongtothedicot(75%),monocot(23%)andmagnoliid(2%)clades.•全世界的被子植物种类有25万种;中国约产2.5万种;其中木本植物8000余种,被子植物分双子叶植物纲和单子叶植物纲。这本书采用恩格勒系统。双子叶植物纲Dicotyledons,ordicots,isanameforagroupofFolweringplantswhoseseedtypicallyhastwoembryonicleavesorcotyledons.Flower:TheflowerpartsindicotsaremultiplesoffourorfiveStem:ThestemvascularbundlesindicotsareinaringRoots:TaprootsystemLeaves:Indicots,themajorleafveinsarereticulated双子叶植物纲多为直根系,网状叶脉,花的各部4-5基数,胚常具2枚子叶,双子叶植物的种类约占被子植物的3/4,其中约有一半的种类是木本植物。根据花瓣的联合与否,将双子叶植物纲分为离瓣花亚纲和合瓣花亚纲Ⅰ离瓣花亚纲离瓣花亚纲又称古生花被亚纲,是较原始的被子植物。花无被、单被或复被。而以花瓣分离为主要特征。杨柳科SalicaceaeTheSalicaceaecontainedthreegenus(Salix,PopulusandChosenia)Theyareallwoody(shrubsortrees)Mostspeciesofthefamilyaredioecious.CatkinsandcapsularfruitSeedsemergingfromcapsulesoftheSalicaceaearecomose(多毛的)---cottonwood杨柳科特点(1)乔木或灌木。(2)单叶互生。(3)花单性异株,成柔荑花序无花被,单生于苞腋,雄蕊2—多数,子房上位;(4)蒴果2—4裂,种子细小,基部有白色丝状长毛。共3属,540种,产于温带、亚热带;中国3属,226种,遍及全国,本科植物很容易种间杂交,故分类较为困难。钻天柳属1种,分布东北,雌花直或斜伸,雄花下垂。杨属Populus•Populusspeciesaremedium-sizedtolargeorverylargedeciduoustrees.Thebarkonyoungtreesissmooth,whitetogreenishordarkgrey,oftenwithconspicuouslenticels(皮孔);onoldtreeitremainssmoothinsomespecies,butbecomesroughanddeeplyfissured(深裂)inothers.•Theshootsarestout,alternateleaveswithalongpetiole(叶柄).Leafsizeisveryvariableevenonasingletree,typicallywithsmallleavesonsideshoots,andverylargeleavesonstrong-growingleadshoots.Theleavesoftenturnbrightgoldtoyellowbeforetheyfallduringautumn.Theflowersaremostlydioecious(rarelymonoecious)andappearinearlyspringbeforetheleaves.Theyareborneinlong,drooping,sessileorpedunculate(有花梗)catkinsPopulusisagenusofbetween25–35speciesoffloweringplantsinthefamilySalicaceae,nativetomostoftheNorthernHemisphere杨属Populus形态特征落叶乔木,枝叶粗壮,髓心五角状,顶芽发达。稀有顶芽(胡杨派),芽鳞多数。树形:峭立--新疆杨(圆柱形)、剑杆杨、钻天杨;卵形--加杨、青杨、毛白杨、北京杨;圆形--河北杨、银白杨、山杨。树皮:青灰色光滑--有青杨、毛白杨、银白杨、新疆杨、北京杨等。叶:单叶互生,有托叶,叶形较宽,叶柄长。叶形:三角形--钻天杨、加杨;圆形、卵形--山杨、河北杨、银白杨、新疆杨。花:花单性雌雄异株(个别同株)柔荑花序下垂、风媒花粉、苞片多具不规则缺刻、花具有杯状花盘果:蒴果园林中一般不种雌株,主要考虑种子上白毛到处飞、污染。杨属分五派(五族、五组)白杨派sect.leuce•幼枝、东芽叶下面被白毛,叶柄通常上边扁平,下边圆形,叶卵圆形、宽扁形。毛白杨Poupulustomentosa•叶无裂片,锯齿钝,幼叶白绒毛,老叶背面渐脱落。•应用:毛白杨树干灰白、端直、树行高大广阔,很具雄伟气概。深绿色的叶片在微风中吹拂时能发出欢乐的响声给人一豪爽之感。在园林绿地中很适宜做行道树及庭阴树。在广场,干道两侧规则列植,则气势严整壮观。天安门前有毛白杨,很庄严;西安主要三大行道树之一(毛白杨、悬铃木、国槐),工厂绿化。毛白杨银白杨P.alba•古老种,杂交时常做母本,原始材料。•叶片具裂片,3-5裂,老叶背面仍有白毛,树皮灰白,基部粗糙,树冠宽阔,毛干不直。•应用:叶子正反两种颜色,在微风中有特殊的闪烁效果。在园林中可做庭荫树、行道树,孤枝或片枝。圆明园有一片银白杨效果特别好。新疆杨P.albacv.pyramidalis树冠窄,塔型,树枝弯,树皮灰绿、光滑,叶柄稍扁,优美的风景树、行道树“四旁”绿化树种。青杨派Sect.Tracamachacae•叶背面苍白色,叶柄圆柱形,叶卵形,基部圆形或楔形.青杨Populuscathyana•小枝园桶形,幼叶有棱,叶卵形,芽有粘胶.•应用:青杨展叶最早,新叶嫩绿光亮,给人以春光早临的感觉.树干高,皮青,可做行道树,庭荫树等.青杨黑杨派Sect.Aigeirvs叶呈三角状卵形,叶柄扁平,叶基部截形.加杨PopulusCanadensis•树冠宽大,树皮灰褐色,粗糙、纵裂,叶大,叶缘具睫毛,叶基有时具1-2腺体。•应用:秋色叶黄,作行道树,庭荫树,工矿区绿化,“四旁”绿化。帚状黑杨胡杨派Sect.Turanga•叶型多变,叶两面灰兰色,花盘脱落,枝条无顶芽,一枝多种叶形,树干弯曲。胡杨P.divetsifolia•新疆栽培盐碱地区,风沙地区多种。大叶杨派Sect.•叶大,叶基部心形,叶柄上部扁平,下部圆形,花盘边缘深裂。•大叶杨,椅杨很少见,园林中无应用。大叶杨Populuslasiocarpa分布杨属多数分布华北,华山地区乡土树种。响叶杨,小叶杨,加杨可分布到长江,滇杨分布到永贵高原,1100-3200m生态习性杨属阳性树种,喜光喜冷凉,怕高温多雨。青杨稍耐阴些,银白杨可耐-40。C低温,对水肥非常灵敏,土壤条件很好,生长很快,一般不耐水湿,不耐盐碱,但加杨耐水湿、暂时积水。胡杨在沙漠中可生长,耐盐碱。杨属对城市环境抗性较强,杨属都为快长树,寿命短,毛白杨寿命为杨属中最长的,可达200年以上。青杨发芽早。繁殖很多种都是无性繁殖,扦插法、留根法。园林应用杨属是总状分枝,树形高大、挺直、适应性强,适合城市环境,常做行道树,但有时与电线有矛盾,长春用得多,电线地下埋没,生长快,也常做“四旁”绿化。柳属SalixWillows,sallowsandosiersformthegenusSalix,around400speciesofdeciduoustreesandshrubs,foundprimarilyonmoistsoilsincoldandtemperateregionsoftheNorthernHemisphere.Mostspeciesareknownaswillow,butsomenarrow-leavedshrubspeciesarecalledosier,andsomebroader-leavedspeciesarecalledsallow,Somewillows(particularlyarcticandalpinespecies),arelow-growingorcreepingshrubs(Salixherbacea)rarelyexceeds6cminheightWillowsareverycross-fertileandnumeroushybridsoccur,bothnaturallyandincultivation.•Willowsaredioeciouswithmaleandfemaleflowersappearingascatkinsondifferentplants;thecatkinsareproducedearlyinthespring,oftenbeforetheleaves,orasthenewleavesopen•rootsreadilygrowfromaerialpartsoftheplant.•Theleavesaretypicallyelongatedbutmayalsoberoundtooval,frequentlywithaserratedmargin.•Theflowersarewithouteithercalyx(花萼)orcorolla(花冠)•Thefruitisasmall,one-celled,two-valved,cylin