当代语言学的波形发展主题一_语言_符号与社会

1220103193-219,当代语言学的波形发展主题一:语言符号与社会*顾曰国中国社会科学院语言研究所60,,!,,:;;;;1.?;,!∀,???,,(Saussure)(),CourseinGeneralLinguistics()(Saussure2001[1983]),,,,,,():193:*,,,,??Saussure(2001[1983]),(1),,(Hjelmslev)(51),(Jakobson)(52);(2),(Bloomfield)(6);(3),(Chomsky)(7);(4),(Ogden)(Richards)(81),(Firth)(82);(5)(9),:!∀(2);(31);(32);(4)2.!∀19,,,!∀(modernlinguistics)SimeonPotterModernLinguistics(),CharlesF.HockettACourseinModernLinguistics(),BierwischModernLinguistics:ItsDevelopment,MethodsandProblems(:),NeilSmithandDeirdreWilsonModernLinguistics:TheResultsofChomskysRevolution(:)!∀(contemporarylinguistics),KhlweinLinguisticsinGreatBritain(,,HistoryofLinguistics(),ContemporaryLinguistics()HenrySweet(1845#1912)SweetcontemporarylinguisticsWilliamO∃Grady,MichaelDobrovolsky,FrancisKatambaContemporaryLinguistics:AnIntroduction(:,1997)!∀%,,,1944,1964RobinsGeneralLinguistics(4),,,!∀!∀,,,,194%!∀generalgeneral!∀,!∀,,!∀,3.:3.1,,,######,!∀,!#∀,,,;,!∀??,,,,(!∀),,,,,,,,!#∀,,,,,,3.2,:,,,(Bloomfield1970[1926]),:?:!∀(2002[1933]:21),,???,(),()(),,,(),!∀,?,,Baudouin,,,;,,19520103!∀(phonemes)Baudouin!∀(psychophonetics,Seuren1998:144)Baudouin(phonology),!∀4.:!∀,,(1980)(1983,1988)(1993)(2001),,,,4.1Baudouin,,,,,,,,,!∀(primacyofsynchroniclinguistics),&,()?,!#∀,11#(Saussure2001[1983])1,!#∀:(1),,;(2)196&Sanders(2006:xx),;(3),;(4),;(5),,,(3),(2)(4),,(1)(5)!∀,,lalanguelalangue?!∀:(1)lelangage,;(2)unelangue,,,,;(3)laparole,,,!∀;(4)lalangue,∋,,,,,,,,,lalangueLalangue!∀,!∀lalangue!∀,,lalangue!∀lalangue,,lalangue1(1)(5),(1)(5),#!∀(naturalorder,Saussure2001[1983]:10),,,,!∀(value),,,,syntagm,,,!∀,,,(,Gu2010)!∀!∀,!∀,!∀,,19720103∋,Norman(2004:89),!∀1(2#4),,,,:(1);(2),,(),(52),()(4.2:,?,!∀!∀,,(1989:162),2!∀2!∀/che//ju/,,,,!∀!∀198(!∀,,,!∀,,,,!∀##(!∀,Gu2009a),,!∀(soundpattern)!∀(concept),,,:!∀!∀!∀!∀,!∀(signification)!∀(signal)),,,;,;,(2),!∀:!#∀!#∀!#∀(#)/che//ju/,,!#∀,2,,linguisticentity(!∀),!∀!∀!∀!∀!∀(2001[1983]:101)abstraction(),realobjectrealobjec,t!∀,!∀!∀(,7),,!∀5.:5.1,,,,,,,,19920103)Harris(2001[1983]:F41-F48;2003),!∀!∀,;,,,(Saussure2001[1983]:110#1)33(Saussure2001[1983]:110-1))()!∀(content)!∀(expression),,,(planes),!∀!∀,!∀,!∀(contentsubstance,)!∀(expressionsubstance,),,purpor,tsubstance,!∀(!∀!∀!∀!∀;!∀),!∀(contentpurport)!∀(expressionpurport)44(Trabant(1987))34,,?:200!,∗∗,,∗∗∀(25),,!∀(net),(:,),,,:(I),(II),(III)55(Tabant(1987:94)),,,,,,,,,Glossematics(),!∀,!∀!∀,,,,!∀,!∀(languageisform,notsubstance)!,∀(Saussure2001[1983]:118),substance!∀,,34,5.2,,,(),,,,,,,,20120103(),,,Baudouin!∀,,,,,,,,,(),,,!∀,,,?(1921);,,,?,,,!∀,!∀(sensediscriminative),/z//zh/,/c//ch/,/s//sh/,,,,,!∀(abundleofdistinctivefeatures,JakobsonandWaugh1987)(opposition),,,,,,,,,,,,,Jakobson(1985:28#33),,Halle,,,,,(JakobsonandWaugh1987:30)5.3,,,202,,!:∀6.:1923BloomfieldModernLanguageJournal()CoursdeLinguistiqueGnrale(,19222)(Bloomfield1970[1923]:106):Mostofwhattheauthorsayshaslongbeen!intheair∀andhasbeenhereandtherefragmentarilyexpressed;thesystematizationishisown.(!∀,)CoursdeLinguistiqueGnraleSapirLanguage:AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech(1921)Language(2002[1933]),!∀+,,,,,()Carnap(1964)Neurath,(1#2):(1)Theworldisknowntomeonlythroughmyperceptions.(2)Rednessisaconcept.Bloomfield(1#2),(Bloomfield1970[1936]:323)salt,sodiumchloride(NaCl)(Bloomfield2002[1933]:145)(),#,,,,(Bloomfield2002[1933]:22),,,?!∀(speechevent)(!20320103+Language(),,AnIntroductiontotheStudyofLanguage(),1914HenryHoltandCompanyLanguage∀),(!,,,∀)66(1999:7)6#(1),!∀(6)!#∀,,!∀!∀,77#(Bloomfield2002[1993]:23#5)#,(15,1),,,,!∀()!∀()(),parolelalangue(1970[1926]:130):Thetotalityofutterancesthatcanbemadeinaspeechcommunityisthelanguageofthatspeechcommunity(),,(),,7.:,(Chomsky):(1)(competence)(performance);(2)(Ilanguage)(Elanguage)Chomsky(2002[1957],1964[1961]a,1964[1961]b,1964[1962]a,1964[1962]b,1979,1986,1988,2004[2002]),Chomsky(1964[1962]b),204,Harris(1951)(1991:11-2),(1999:7-8)Chomsky(1986)Joseph(1990:68),1986,!∀!∀,!∀!∀!∀!∀(Chomsky1964[1962]b:51)():;:,langue!∗∗langue,∀(Chomsky1964[1962]b:59),(Humboldt)!∀(form),,,,,,,(Chomsky1964[1962]b:56),!∀;!∀,,,,(1964[1961]a,1964[1961]b,1964[1962]a,1964[1962]b),,,,1963,(Chomsky1962:513,Josepheta.l1990:69),langue,,,,Harris(2003:153),,,!∀()20520103(),!∀!∀,!∀!∀,!∀!∀/,19651979,Joseph(1990:71)!∀(ChomskytheAntiSaussurean)1986!∀(SmithandWilson1979)Chomsky(1986:16,19,31,32)langueSaussure,Saussurean,!∀:!∀,Chomsky(1986:19):!,(langue)∀,langue,,langue,,Harris(2003:154),,,JosephHarris,,Chomsky(1986),(1)/:(,S0)(,SS)(2):,,S0,/(internalizedlanguage,Ilanguage)(externalizedlanguage,Elanguage)(3):!∀!∀,!∀,:(a)?,/;(Chomsky1986:26);(b)?;(c)?(4):!∀(universalgrammar,UG);!∀,,82068,!∀,!∀(Chomsky1986:20),lalangue,!∀(),,!∀,!∀,!∀!∀:(1)(lalangue,),/(!∀,!∀!∀)(2)/,!∀!∀!,∀(Chomsky1986:27)(!∀)!,,∀(Chomsky1986:27),!∀(),,,,,,,,,(),,,,,?207201038.:8.11923195610,,(1):!∀,!∀,!∀(1946[1923]:5);(2),;(3)signsymbol,symbolsign,,()symbol,!∀(Saussure2001[1983]:68)!∀(1946[1923]:5);(4),(),(),(),!∀,(1946[1923]:6),,(),,,,,,,,9,,,9(OgdenRichards(1946[1923]))!∀!∀,!∀!∀!∀,208!∀,,,,,!∀!∀,!∀!∀!∀,?,,,,,,,,!∀,!∀(interpretation)!∀!∀()!∀!∀(),,,,,,,,,,,