英语写作基础教程(chapter-3)01

Chapter3DevelopingParagraphs(021009b)AneffectiveparagraphPlanningaparagraphDevelopmentbytimeDevelopmentbyprocessDevelopmentbyspace(GotoEx.)Aneffectiveparagraph3featuresofaneffectiveparagraph:1.Aparagraphshouldhaveone,andonlyone,centralidea.2.Themainideaisgenerallyexpressedinthetopicsentence.3.Closeconnectionbetweenthesentencesisobserved.#PlanningaparagraphAtopicsentenceisgenerallyexpected,whichiswrittenincompletesentence.Detailsorexamplesareneededtosupportthemainidea.Anoutlineisworkedout(beforewriting)toputthedetailsingoodorder.#AnexampleofaneffectiveparagraphTheIrishcountrysideisverybeautiful.ThereisapopularIrishsongwhichsaysthatthereare100differentshadesofgreenintheIrishlandscape,andthisisnoexaggeration.Thankstogenerousrainfall,muchofthecountrysideiscoveredinrichgreenvegetation,whichiswhyIrelandisalsoknownastheEmeraldIsle.Italsohasvariedlandscapewithdramaticmountains,rockycoastlinesandrollinghills.(waysofdevelopingparagraphs)DevelopmentbyTimeIntellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasiestandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime;earlierthingsarementionedbeforelaterthings,thefirstthingfirstandthelastthinglast.Thismethodisalsocalledchronologicalsequencing.Example:Intheolddays,traintravelwasnotmuchfun.Backinthe1830’s,passengercoachesonwesternandsouthernroadslookedlikecabinsonwheels.Untillateinthe1840’s,passengerswhowantedheatboughtheatedbricksfromboysatthestations.Therewerenosleepingcars,either,until1859,whenGeorgeR.Pullmanremodeledtwodaycoachesintosleepingcars,torunfromChicagotoBloomington,Illinois.Theywerelightedbycandlesandheatedbywood-burningstoves.Passengersnearthestovesweretoohot,andthosefarawayweretoocold.Evenyearslater,aftertrainshadbetterheatingsystems,passengerswereoftenmostuncomfortable.Openwindowsletinshowersofsootandcinders;andclosedwindowsmeantstiflingtemperatures.Travelersreachedtheirdestinationsinthosedayssooty,jostled,andtravel-worn.#DevelopmentbyProcessWhenyouhavetoexplainhowsomethingisdone,youusuallyfollowachronologicalsequenceandgiveastep-by-stepdescription.Asthestepsmustoccuroneafteranother,theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant.Ingivinginstructions,imperativesentencesandsentenceswiththeindefinitepronounyouasthesubjectareoftenused.Thepresenttenseshouldbeusediftheinstructionsarestillapplicable.(example)DevelopmentbyProcessOnceyouencounterapersonwhohasstoppedbreathing,youshouldbeginimmediatelytodomouth-to-mouthbreathing.First,placethevictimonhisbackandremoveanyforeignmatterfromhismouthwithyourfingers.Thentilthisheadbackwards,sothathischinispointingup.Next,pullhismouthopenandhisjawforward,pinchhisnostrilsshuttopreventtheairwhichyoublowintohismouthfromescapingthroughhisnose.Then,placeyourmouthtightlyoverthevictim’s.Blowintohismouthuntilyouseehischestrise.Thenturnyourheadtothesideandlistenfortheoutrushofairwhichindicatesanairexchange.Repeattheprocess.#.DevelopmentbySpaceBeforewebegintodescribeaplace,whetheritisalargecountryorasmallroom,wehavetodecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails.Forthisweshouldfindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthemandarrangeourdescriptionaccordingly.(example)DevelopmentbySpaceMr.Cook,arenownedAmericanhistorian,arrangesthebooksonhisbookshelvesinauniqueway.Intheupperrighthandcorner,therearebooksaboutthedevelopmentoftheearlycoloniesinNewEnglandandtheWarofIndependence.Rightunderthemcanbefoundbooksontheslavetrade,theplantationsystemandgrowthofthesouthernstates.TheleftsideoftheshelfcontainshundredsofbooksconcerningsubjectsoftheWestwardMovement,Indianculture,andcowboys’contributionstoAmericansocietyandtheGoldRushinCalifornia.Fromthedescriptionabove,onecanseethatMr.CookregardshisbookshelvesasamapoftheU.S.andarrangeshishistorybooksaccordingly.Itisodd,butitisconvenient.#.AssignmentsReading:pp41-45Exercises:pp49-54Exercise1:ChronologicalorderExercise2:ProcessExercise3:SpaceWriting:Writeaparagraph(tobedevelopedeitherbytimeorbyprocessorbyspace)