TMR饲喂法TheTMRFeedingProgramDr.JimLinn明尼苏达大学UniversityofMinnesotaSt.Paul,Minnesota成功地实施奶牛饲养方案的关键KeystoaSuccessfulDairyFeedingProgram1.正确配制日粮Properlyformulatedrations2.饲养人员的技能和责任心Skilledandconscientiouspeoplefeeding3.混合并饲喂准确数量的日粮Mixingandfeedingaccurateamountsofration4.优质饲料Highqualityfeeds5.技术员和管理员之间沟通良好Goodcommunicationbetweentechnicalexpertsanddairymanager6.记录良好Goodrecordkeeping7.设备运行良好Goodworkingequipment什么是TMR?WhatisaTMR?各种饲料原料的均匀混合物Completemixofallfeedingredientsz饲草Foragesz谷物Grainsz副产品Byproductsz蛋白质饲料Proteinfeedsz矿物质和维生素MineralsandVitaminsz饲料添加剂-酵母培养物Feedadditives–yeastculture为什么饲喂TMR?WhyFeedaTMR?提高产奶量Increasemilkproduction降低饲料成本Decreasefeedcosts改进奶牛健康Improvecowhealth能够饲喂下述饲料Abilitytofeedfeedsthatare:z难以单独饲喂的饲料Hardtofeedindividuallyz饲喂量小的饲料Fedinsmallamounts每天给奶牛提供稳定的日粮DeliverconsistentrationtocoweverydayTMR的等式TheTMREquation配制日粮FormulatedRation饲料原料FeedIngredients=产奶量MilkProduction奶牛健康CowHealth$奶牛营养需要CowNutrientRequirements纤维Fiber蛋白质Protein能量Energy矿物质Minerals配制日粮RationFormulation泌乳日粮RATION–Lactation–35kg/dayKg/day/cow干草HAY3.6玉米青贮Cornsilage-35%DM9.7半干青贮Haylage-40%DM18.2玉米CORN8.4棉籽COTTONSEED,FZ2.5混合蛋白质PROTEINMIX3.8干物质养份分析DRYMATTERNUTRIENTANALYSIS湿饲料进食WetFeedIntakekg46.2日粮RationDM%48.7DM进食量Intakekg22.5粗蛋白CrudeProtein%16.5NDFFiber%34.6NDF自饲草FromForage%23.8NFC%34.9脂肪Fat%5.3TDN%70.3NELactationMcal/kg1.63钙Calcium%.93磷Phosphorus%.39镁Magnesium%.38钾Potassium%1.33盐Salt%.46碘Iodineppm1.51硒Seleniumppm.34VitaminA,IU/day203437VitaminE,IU/day990配制日粮FormulatingtheRation了解要饲喂的牛群Identifygroupofcowstobefedz产奶量Milkproductionz泌乳天数DaysinmilkzDM进食量DryMatter(DM)Intake尽量减少群内差异Minimizevariationinthegroupz按产奶量和干物质进食量相似原则分群GroupcowsthataresimilarinmilkproductionandDMintake泌乳牛群Lactatingcowgroups1.新产母牛FreshCowz产奶1-21天1to21daysinmilk2.第一泌乳期母牛1stLactationcows3.年龄较大的高产牛HighProduction-oldercowsz产奶21-180天21to180daysinmilk4.年龄较大的泌乳中期牛Mid-lactation–oldercowsz产奶180-250天180to250daysinmilk5.泌乳后期牛LateLactationz年龄较大的牛和第一泌乳期牛Olderand1stlactationcowsz产奶250天至干奶的牛250daysinmilktodryoff为实行TMR而把母牛分群CowGroupingsforTMR泌乳牛群Lactatingcowgroups1.新产母牛FreshCowzDM进食量低LowDMintakez干饲草,2–3kg/牛/天Dryforage(2–3kg/cow/day)2.第一泌乳期母牛1stLactationcowsz体型较小的母牛SmallercowszDM进食量低LowDMintakez缓慢达到泌乳和DM进食量高峰SlowertoreachpeakmilkproductionandDMintakez产奶量和DM进食量稳定PersistentmilkproductionandDMintake母牛分群-变异CowGroupings-Variations泌乳牛群Lactatingcowgroups3.年龄较大的高产母牛(产奶21-180天)HighProduction-oldercows(21-180daysinmilk)z体型较大的母牛Largercows-z产奶45天达到泌乳高峰(40kg/天)Reachpeakmilkproduction(40kg/day)45daysinmilkz泌乳约60天达到DM进食高峰(25–30kg/天)ReachpeakDMintake(25–30kg/day)by60daysinmilkz繁殖群Breedinggroup母牛分群-变异CowGroupings-Variations泌乳牛群Lactatingcowgroups1.年龄较大的泌乳中期牛Mid-lactation–oldercowsz产奶180-250天180to250daysinmilkz妊娠牛PregnantcowszDM进食量和产奶量低于高产群的牛LowerDMintakeandmilkproductionthanhighproductiongroup2.泌乳后期牛(产奶250天至干奶)LateLactation(250daysinmilktodryoff)zDM进食量和产奶量相似的年龄较大的牛和头胎牛Olderand1stlactationcowssimilarDMintakeandmilkproductionz避免膘情过肥Avoidoverconditioningofcowsz高饲草、低能日粮Highforage–mediumenergyration母牛分群-变异CowGroupings-Variations5101520253014710131619222528313437404346泌乳周WEEKOFLACTATION干物质进食量(公斤/天)DRYMATTERINTAKE(kg/day)DryMatterIntake(MultiparousCows)DryMatterIntake(PrimiparousCows)经产牛DM进食量初产牛DM进食量干奶牛群Drycowgroups1.干奶初期牛FarOffdrycowsz妊娠220-260天220to260dayspregnantz高饲草日粮HighforageTMR2.干奶后期或产前牛Close-uporPre-Freshcowsz产前2-3周2to3weeksbeforecalvingzDM进食量低(10kg/天)LowDMintake–10g/dayz高纤维、营养浓度TMRHighfiber,nutrientdenseTMR•3公斤谷物3kggrain•2-3公斤优质饲草2-3kggoodqualityforage•矿物质、维生素和饲料添加剂Minerals,FeedAdditivesandvitamins为实行TMR而把母牛分群CowGroupingsforTMR泌乳牛群Lactatingcowgroups1.新产母牛FreshCowz产奶1-21天1to21daysinmilkz第一泌乳期母牛1stLactationcows2.年龄较大的高产牛HighProduction-oldercows为小型牛群分群CowGroupingsforSmallherds饲喂目的TheFeedingObjective日粮配制Formulatedration母牛爱吃的日粮RationcowsEat日粮混合RationMixedRATION–Lactation–35kg/dayKg/day/cowHAY3.6Cornsilage-35%DM9.7Haylage-40%DM18.2CORN8.4COTTONSEED,FZ2.5PROTEINMIX3.8DRYMATTERNUTRIENTANALYSISWetFeedIntakekg46.2RationDM%48.7DMIntakekg22.5CrudeProtein%16.5NDFFiber%34.6NDFFromForage%23.8NFC%34.9Fat%5.3TDN%70.3NELactationMcal/kg1.63Calcium%.93Phosphorus%.39Magnesium%.38Potassium%1.33Salt%.46Iodineppm1.51Seleniumppm.34VitaminA,IU/day203437VitaminE,IU/day990)稳定性是关键Consistencyisthekey每天相同的数量ThesameAMOUNTof相同的混合物thesameMIX相同的时间atthesameTIMEeachday.饲喂TMR的目的TMRFeedingGoalTMR的混合MixingtheTMR饲料的干物质-饲料数量Drymatteroffeeds–feedamounts加入原料的次序Orderofingredientaddition混合机功率Mixercapacity混合时间Mixingtime干物质DryMatter100-%水分=%干物质100-%moisture=%DM营养素存在于DM中NutrientsarecontainedinDMz根据DM配制日粮RationformulatedonDMz母牛吃的是DMCowsconsumeDMTMR原料按实喂重计算TMRingredientsareasfed错误的DM导致实喂过量或不足DMerrorsresultinoverorunderfeedingasfedfeeds检查饲草的DMCheckForageDM至少每周一次测定饲草DMDetermineDMofforageatleastonceperweek.DM变化超过2%单位时应调节TMR中饲草量AdjustamountsofforageinTMRwhenDMchangesmorethan2%units常见的TMR混合错误CommonTMRMixingErrors磅秤不准ScaleandWeighingInaccuracies磅秤不能准确称量Scalenotaccuratelyweighing饲喂器不能准确地称取饲料FeedernotaccuratelyweighingfeedamountsTMR的混合-加入原料TMRMixing-AddingIngredients卧式混合机AugerorReelMixers加料次序IngredientOrderz谷物和蛋白质Grainsandproteinsz少用量饲料Smallinclusionfeeds