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Modernismisvaguetermreferringtotheart,poetry,literature,architecture,andphilosophyofEuropeandAmericaintheearlytwentieth-century.Ingeneral,modernismismarkedbythefollowingcharacteristics:(1)thedesiretobreakawayfromestablishedtraditions,(2)aquesttofindfreshwaystoviewman'spositionorfunctionintheuniverse,(3)experimentsinformandstyle,particularlywithfragmentation--asopposedtotheorganictheoriesofliteraryunityappearingintheRomanticandVictorianperiods.ThewritersarelikeD.H.Lawrence,V.S.Naipaul,JamesJoyceandT.S.Eliot.Sonnetisthemostnumerous,representative,anddistinctiveoftheformsofElizabethanlyric.Asonnetisafourteen-linelyricdivided,bothformallyandbycontent,intotwoparts.InEnglish,itisgenerallyiniambicpentameter.Therearetwokindsofsonnet:thePetrarchansonnetandtheEnglishsonnet.Personalrelationshipsmostlyaboutlovearenaturalsubjectsforsonnetsequence.Agoodsonnetcharacteristicallypresentsadelicatelyachievedbalanceofcontrastedstatesoffeeling.Dante,Petrarch,SpenserandShakespearearesomeofthegreatestsonnetwriters.StreamofConsciousnessisthecontinuousflowofsense-perceptions,thoughts,feelings,andmemoriesinthehumanmind.Inliteraryworks,itreferstotheliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessesinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue.ThewritersarelikeJamesJoyce,VirginiaWoolfandDorothyRichardson.Post-colonialism:Postcolonialliteratureisliteratureconcernedwiththepoliticalandculturalindependenceofpeopleformerlysubjugatedincolonialempires,andtheliteraryexpressionofpost-colonialism.Itre-examineclassicliteraturewithaparticularfocusonthesocialdiscoursethatshapedit.Itcanbeidentifiedbyitsdiscussionofculturalidentity.Thepieceofliterature,likeanovel,poem,shortstoryetc.maybeaboutthechangethathastakenplaceorquestionthecurrentchange.TheexamplesofPostcolonialliteraturearelike“TheLifeandSurprisingAdventureofRobinsonCrusoe”byDanielDefoeand“GreatExpectations”byCharlesDickens.Realismrefersgenerallytoanyartisticorliteraryportrayaloflifeinafaithful,accuratemanner,uncloudedbyfalseideals,literaryconventions,ormisplacedaestheticglorificationandbeautificationoftheworld.Itisatheoryortendencyinwritingtodepicteventsinhumanlifeinamatter-of-fact,straightforwardmanner.Itisanattempttoreflectlifeasitactuallyis--aconceptinsomewayssimilartowhattheGreekswouldcallmimesis.Ingeneral,realismseekstoavoidsupernatural,transcendental,orsurrealevents.ThewritersarelikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackerayandGeorgeEliot.Feminismisacollectionofmovementsandideologiesaimedatdefining,establishing,anddefendingequalpolitical,economic,andsocialrightsforwomen.Thisincludesseekingtoestablishequalopportunitiesforwomenineducationandemployment.Itisalsoacritiqueofpatriarchy.Feministissuesrangefromaccesstoemployment,education,childcare,contraception,andabortion,toequalityintheworkplace,changingfamilyroles,redressforsexualharassmentintheworkplace,andtheneedforequalpoliticalrepresentation.Todayfeminismisnotsimplyanideologybutagrowingacademicdiscipline.WriterslikeVirginiaWoolfandDorisLessingarefamousfeminists.Tragedy,accordingtoAristotle,is“theimitationofanactionthatisseriousandalso,ashavingmagnitude,completeinitself,”inthemediumofpoeticlanguageandinthemannerofdramaticratherthanofnarrativepresentation,involving“incidentsarousingpityandfear,wherewithtoaccomplishthecatharsisofsuchemotions.”ThetypicaltragedywritersarelikeWilliamShakespeare,ChristopherMarloweandThomasHardy.MetaphysicalpoetryisEnglishnon-dramaticandnon-epicpoetryofthe17thcentury.ItisthesecularanddivinepoemsofJohnDonneandthepoemsofthe17thcenturywriterswhowereinfluencedbyDonne.Metaphysicalpoemsareproductionsofmenwhoprizewitandlearningaboveallotherthings;thedefiningcharacteristicsofthesepoemsarenoveltyandintellectuality.Structurally,metaphysicalpoemstendtowardelaboratelylogicalorganization,learnedortechnicalallusionsandreferences.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.Stylistically,theytendtowardelaborateandfarfetchedmetaphorsandsimiles,andcolloquiallanguage.Thestylesometimesdictatesthestructure,whenthemetaphysicalconceitiscoextensivewiththepoem.ThepoetsarelikeJohnDonneandAndrewMarvell.