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·7·[1],PolicyInstrumentsorToolsofGovernment(Topdownapproach)(Bottomupapproach)[2](C.Hood)*2006[1][2][]/M200651273·8·[3]H.D.Lasswell[4][5]Implement10%90%[6][7][8]David.Osborne[9][3][]L[]R2003177[4]H.D.LasswellandA.KaplanPowerandSociety.NewHavenYaleUniversityPress1970p.71.[5][]E1990165[6]2003260[7][]E1990160[8][]BV2004105[9][]19968·9·[10][11](Woodrow.Wilson)(TheStudyofAdministration,1887)[12](ExecutiveMethods)[13](ExecutiveMethods)2080[14]1953[15](C.Hood)(Politics)(Ideology)(MoralDimension)JE.AndersonC.Hood(Thetoolsofgovernment)(Steven.Cohen):(ToolsforInnovators:CreativeStrategiesforManagingPublicSectorOrganizations1998)[10]25[11]B.guypetersandFransK.M.VanNispen:PublicPolicyInstruments,EdwardElgar,1998,p46.[12]M/C2004115[13][]MC200420[14][]/M200651276[15]200247·10·.J.(R.J.Veld)(TheDynamicsofPolicyInstruments)(R.Bagchus)TheTradeoffBetweenAppropriatenessandFitofPolicyInstruments2090PublicChoiceApproaches[16]D.J.Kraan(APublicChoiceApproachtotheSelectionofPolicyInstruments)(Jan.Erik.Lane)(NewPublicManagement)2090MultipleinstrumentstheRometowhichallroadslead[17]1234Lester.M.Salamon(Thetoolsofgovernment:AnIntroductiontothenewgovernance2002)H.A.Hans.A.BressersTheChoiceofPolicyInstrumentsinPolicyNetworksE.F.Ernst.F.TenAContextualApproachtoPolicyInstrumentsPublicPolicyInstruments11[18][19][16][]/M200651275[17]ChristopherCHoodTheToolsofGovernmentLondonandBasingstoke,1983p4.[18][]/M200651281[19]·11·[20][21][22]PublicPolicyInstruments12TrditionalApproach(RefinedApproach)InstitutionalApproachPublicChoiceApproachesPolicyNetworksApproaches[23]12TraditionalApproach20046[20]20058[21]20034[22]20015[23]B.guypetersandFransK.M.VanNispen:PublicPolicyInstruments,EdwardElgar,1998,p47.·12·RefinedApproach[24][25]InstitutionalApproachDC.North[26]Pathdependence[24][]E19901211920[25]B.guypetersandFransK.M.VanNispen:PublicPolicyInstruments,EdwardElgar,1998,p50.[26]2003121·13·()FromPresenttoPast(FromDesigntoEvolution)(FromResulttoProcess)PathdependentPathdependentEffectivenessPublicChoiceApproachesDJDirkJanKraanAPublicChoiceApproachtotheSelectionofPolicyInstruments·14·PolicyNetworksApproachesPolicyNetworksApproachEFErnstF.TenAContextualApproachtoPolicyInstruments[27]HAHansTh.A.BressersTheChoiceofPolicyInstrumentsinPolicyNetworksPolicyNetwork[28][29]BilateralityorMultilaterality[30]207080[27]B.guypetersandFransK.M.VanNispen:PublicPolicyInstruments,EdwardElgar,1998,p69.[28]B.guypetersandFransK.M.VanNispen:PublicPolicyInstruments,EdwardElgar,1998,p86.[29]B.guypetersandFransK.M.VanNispen:PublicPolicyInstruments,EdwardElgar,1998,p94.[30]B.guypetersandFransK.M.VanNispen:PublicPolicyInstruments,EdwardElgar,1998,p56.·15·SelectDesignApplicationEPolicyInstrumentsKit[31][32][33]1313123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536(Jan.Erik.Lane)NewPublicManagementTraditionalPublicGovernance(ModernPublicGovernance)PublicLawMechanismPrivateLawInstruments14[34]ab)a)b)/[31][]E20026[32][]2004115256[33][]1996325[34][]2004142·16·(Lester.M.Salamon)(Thetoolsofgovernment:AnIntroductiontothenewgovernance)1315[35]/[36][35]Lester.M.Salamon:Thetoolsofgovernment:AnIntroductiontothenNewGovernance,NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2002,p9.[36]B.guypetersandFransK.M.VanNispenPublicPolicyInstrumentsEdwardElgar1998p51.