现代英语词汇学4 word-formation

Word-formationIVTheMinorProcessesEnglishLexicology(II)2ImportantPointsI.Abbreviation/ShorteningAcronymy:Initialisms/AcronymsClipping:BlendingII.Back-formationIII.ReduplicationIV.AnalogueV.WordsfromProperNounsEnglishLexicology(II)3I.TheIntroductionofShorteningWhennewwordsareformedbycompoundingoraffixation,theresultisofcoursealongerunit.Shorteningiscontrarytothetendofcompoundingoraffixation.ThereareseveralwaysofshorteningEnglishwordsasfollows:Acronymy:Initialisms/AcronymsClippingBlendingEnglishLexicology(II)4I.Acronymy1.1Initialisms1.2AcronymsEnglishLexicology(II)51.1InitialimsInitialismsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordswhicharepronouncedassequencesofletterse.g.,EEC.Acronymsarealsoformedfromtheinitiallettersofwords,butarepronouncedasaword,e.g.radar(radiodetectingandranging).1)non-technical:O.K.(=allcorrect)/VIP(veryimportantperson)2)borrowings:AD(=L.AnnoDomini)EnglishLexicology(II)63)propernouns:U.S.A./OPEC(=OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries)/IBM(=InternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation)4)technical:IQ(intelligencequotient)/N-bomb(=nuclearbombEnglishLexicology(II)7IOC=InternationalOlympicCommitteeBBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporationISBN=InternationalStandardBookNumberCAD=computerassisteddesigncm=centimeterTB=tuberculosisEnglishLexicology(II)8CPUDIYCEOITAISOScentralprocessingunitDoityourselfChiefExecutiveOfficerInformationtechnologyartificialintelligenceSaveourshipinternationaldirectdialWriteoutinfullthefollowinginitialismsEnglishLexicology(II)9IDDGMTVIPP.S.a.m.p.m.internationaldirectdialGreenwichMeanTimeveryimportantpersonpostscriptantemeridiempostmeridiemWriteoutinfullthefollowinginitialismsEnglishLexicology(II)101.2AcronymsAcronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.MostofthewordsarefromthenameofanorganizationorscientifictermsEnglishLexicology(II)12N-bombD-NoticeG-manD-dayV-dayNuclearbombDefenseNoticeGovernmentmanDecimalizationdayVictorydaySomeacronymsareformedwiththeintialletterofthefirstwordplusthewholeofthesecond.EnglishLexicology(II)13Thistermreferstotheprocessbywhichawordoftwoormoresyllables(usuallyanoun)isshortenedwithoutachangeinitsfunctiontakingplace.Advertisement,examination,gymnasium,laboratory,photograph.professor,allhavecommonly-usedclippedforms:adoradvert,exam,gym,lab,photo,Prof.Clippedwordsaregenerallyusedinlessformalsituationsthantheirfull-lengthequivalents:theyindicateanattitudeoffamiliarityonthepartoftheuser,eithertowardstheobjectdenoted,ortowardstheaudience.II.ClippingEnglishLexicology(II)142.1ClippedWordsad=advertisementexpo=expositionphone=telephonepro=professionalmemo=memorandumtec=detectiveheliorcopter=helicoptercomfy=comfortableEnglishLexicology(II)15gymnasiumdormitoryhandkerchiefgasolinekilogramgymdormhankyGaskiloGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsEnglishLexicology(II)16influenzabusinessparachuterefrigeratortaxicabflubizchutefridgetaxiorcabGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsEnglishLexicology(II)171.Noun-verbconversion2.2TypesofClippingBackClippings/ApocopeFrontClippings/AphaeresisFrontandbackClippingsMiddleClippings/SyncopePhraseClippingEnglishLexicology(II)181.2.1BackClippingTheshorteningmayoccurattheendoftheword,sometimeswithanadditionof-o,-y,or-i.e.,picturePoliomyelitisProfessionalRhinocerosstereophonicpicPolioProRhinostereoEnglishLexicology(II)19advertisementbusinessCoca-colachampiondemobilizedoctorgasolinegentlementadbizcokechampdemobDocGasgentGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsEnglishLexicology(II)20hippopotamusinformationlaboratorylavatorymathematicsmechanichippoinfolablavmathmecGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsEnglishLexicology(II)21ammunitionconsciousobjectortelevisionAustralianrecruittrigonometryumpireveterinarianammoconchytellyAussierookietrigumpvetGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsEnglishLexicology(II)222.2.3FrontClippingbus(=omnibus)/bo(=hobo)/chute(=parachute)/coon(=raccoon)/copter(=helicopter)/dozer(=bulldozer)/mum(=chrysanthemum)/phone(=telephone)/quake(=earthquake)1.2.4frontandbackclippingsflu(=influenza)/fridge(=refrigerator)/tec(=detective)/scrip(=subscription)/vic(=convict)EnglishLexicology(II)231.2.5MiddleClippingbike(=bicycle)/trike(=tricycle)/cric(=critic)/Frisco(=SanFrancisco1.2.6SomeclippedwordsareusedonlyinjournalismGov’t(=government);Int’l(=International);Dep’t(=department);H’kong(=HongKong);S’pore(=SingaporeEnglishLexicology(II)241.2.1PhraseClippingManyphrasesandsentenceshaveshortened,simplybecausetheyaretoolengthyandusedtooofteninconversation.GoodbyeandfarewellwereonceGodbewithyouandFaretheewell.Afterallissaidtobetheremnantofafterallissaidanddone,andtheAmericanismfallisshortenedfromoffalloftheleaf.Thefollowingaresomerecentexamples:EnglishLexicology(II)25consols(=consolidatedannuities)pyro(=pyro-gallicacid)jet(=jet-propelledplane)private(=privatecommonsoldier)lube(lubricatingoil)/pub(publichouse)EnglishLexicology(II)26III.BlendingThedefinitionofblendingBlending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-for