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EvolvingEnvironmentalPoliciesfora“BetterCity,BetterLife”实现“城市，让生活更美好”目标的环境政策演变DanielJ.Dudek杜丹德StagesofEnvironmentalManagement环境管理的不同时期•NaturalResourceAdequacy自然资源充分时期•ControllingEffluents污染物排放时期•ManagingAssimilativeCapacity具有包容性的管理能力时期CurrentMajorChallenges当前主要挑战•TransboundaryPollution跨境污染•IntegratingMobileandStationarySources移动源与固定源的管理整合•Coordinatingurbanandruralareas城市与农村地区的协调•Co-managingconventionalandGHGemissions传统污染物与温室气体的协同管理•ConsistencyofIncentives激励的一致性•Monitoringandreporting监测与报告TransboundaryPollution跨境污染•RegionScale区域层次–AcidrainbothSO2andNox二氧化硫与氮氧化物引发的酸雨问题–TroposhericOzone/Smog臭氧与烟雾•GlobalScale全球层次–Greenhousegases温室气体IntegratingMobileandStationarySources移动源与固定源的管理整合•Commonairshed;commonpollutants;commonimpacts同一个空气域，同样的污染物，共同的影响•Generallypost-combustioncontrols一般都是末端控制•Controlsnotgearedtoatmosphericloadings并没有与大气的容量相结合•Opportunitiesforefficiencyimprovements提升效率的机会CoordinatingUrbanandRuralAreas城乡协调•Airpollutanteffectsdifferent,butequallyconsequential污染物的影响不同，但是后果是一样的•Pollutantssourcesvariedfromindustrialtostrawburning从工业污染源到秸秆燃烧•Transportbetweenareaskey区域间的交通Co-managingConventionalandGreenhouseGasEmissions传统污染物与温室气体的协同管理•TroposphericOzone/Smog对流层臭氧与烟雾–ConventionalandGHG传统污染物与温室气体–Likelyfeedbackeffects可能会存在反馈影响•Blackcarbon黑碳–Dieselemissions柴油排放ConsistencyofIncentives激励的一致性•Penaltystructure处罚设置–Noncomplianceundercurrentairlaw目前大气法下的违法•Subsidystructure补贴方式–Pricingincentives价格激励MonitoringandReporting监测与报告•Developingascientificallysounddatabasetosupportpolicyanalysis开发一套科学完善的数据库支持政策分析•Monitoringtosupportpolicyimplementation加强监测，促进政策执行•MRVtosupportpolicyenforcementMRV支持执法Governmentvs.governance管理vs.治理Whereastheterm“government”focusesattentionongovernmentalbodiesandactors,theterm“governance”pointstotheprocessesusedtoachievegoalsandtherelationshipsamonggovernment,industry,andcivilsociety.“管理”强调的是政府主体和实施者，“治理”强调的是为达到目标所经历的过程和政府与工业、公民社会之间的关系。FirstGeneration第一代•Governmentalandsocietalcapacity:e.g.Nationalenvironmentaladministrations,researchthink-tanks,NGOs政府和社会的能力：例如，国家环境部门，研究智库，非政府组织•Environmentalqualityandhealthstandards环境质量和健康标准•Emissionstandardsforpollutants(commandandcontrolapproach)污染物排放标准（命令控制型政策）•Penaltiesfornon-compliance对违章者的处罚•Environmentalmonitoringsystems环境监管体系•Environmentalreportingrequirements环境报告制度LimitationsofFirstGeneration第一代的局限性-Notalwaysmostcost-effective不总是最有成本效益的-Notsufficientlyflexiblefordifferentregionalconditions对不同地区的情况没有足够的灵活性-Notsufficientlyflexiblefordifferentindustrialconditions对不同的工业没有足够的灵活性-Engenderedbusinessresistance引起利益相关者的抵制-Punitiveorientation以惩罚而非鼓励利益相关者参与为出发点-Focusedonreductionofasinglepollutantratherthanamorecomprehensivemulti-pollutantapproach集中于单一减排而不是全面的多重污染物共同减排NewGovernanceApproaches新的治理手段•Moreholistictreatmentofrootcausesofpollution对污染源的整体治理•Focusonhowbesttoobtainenvironmentalpolicyobjectives关注如何达到环境政策的目标•Encouragesmulti-stakeholderinvolvement鼓励多方利益相关者的参与•Leavesdecisiononmeanstoreachgoalstoindustry使用工具手段来达到国家或行业目标•Encouragestransparencyindecisionmakingandimplementation鼓励透明决策的制定和实施•Reliesonuseofamixofpolicyinstruments运用多种政策工具组合•Promotespreventive,notsimplyreactivedecisionmaking提升预防性而不只是被动的决定GenerationsCompared两代政策的比较•FirstGeneration第一代政策–heavilybureaucratic,prescriptive,fragmentedinpurpose,andadversarialinnature官僚气浓，限制性强，目的不统一，对环境不够友好–command-and-controlfocusedonsingle-pollutant,single-medium,single-pathway,technology-drivensolutions控制命令型政策注重于单一污染物、单一媒介、单一路径和技术推动型解决方案•NewGeneration新一代政策–focusisonoutcomesreflectingcommongoals注重于以结果为目的的共同目标LessonsfromAbroad美国的经验•ResourceEfficiency资源效率•InventoryandProtectYourNaturalAssets储存和保护自然资源•ExperimentwithNewApproachesSupportedbyGrants使用拥有财政补助的新方法•EnforceEnvironmentalPolicies强制实施环境政策•SetClear,LegallyBindingResponsibilitiesforEnterprises设立清洁、受法律约束的公司义务•PubliclyDiscloseEnvironmentalPerformanceofEnterprises公开企业的环境行为•MeasureandReportEnvironmentalOutcomes测量并报告环境结果MajorIssueAreas主要的问题•ImprovingtheGovernment’sCapacity提升政府的管理能力•EstablishingPolicyCoherence建立政策的连贯性•IncreasingBusinessPerformance提升商业环境绩效•EngagingCivilSociety加强社会参与GovernmentCapacity管理能力•ExecutiveBranch行政部门–Reformmanagementstructure改革管理结构–Realignlocalenvironmentalmanagement重组地方环境管理–Enhancethescientificbasisofenvironmentalmanagement提升环境管理的科学性–Increaseresources增加资源PolicyCoherence政策的一致性•Forpriorityenvironmentalprograms对于首要的环境问题:–Policytoolsshouldbeevaluatedfromtheperspectiveoftheirabilitytodeliverenvironmentaloutcomes从它们能够达到的环境效果来评价政策工具–Market-basedpoliciesrequirecomprehensiveandintegrateddesigniftheyaretofunctioneffectively应全面、系统的制定市场政策以达到有效的结果–Responsibilityandauthorityforprogramdesignandimplementationneedtobeconsolidated对项目设计的权责和实施的加强TheNewRoad新路道•Localgovernmentaslaboratories地方政府作为实验室•Localpoliticalsupport地方要获得政治上的支持•Mobilizingthepublic动员公众社会•Increasedresourcesfromprovincialandcentralgovernments省和中央政府向地方投入更大的资源•Regionalpartnerships构建区域合作伙伴BusinessPerformance商业绩效•Establishclearlegallyenforceableenvironmentalresponsibilities建立清晰、合法的、可执行的环境责任•Establishpenaltiesfornoncompliancewithseverefinancialconsequences对违章者给予严重的经济处罚•Givecompaniesgreaterflexibilityinthechoiceofcontrolopti