搜索
剑101-2Itisimportantforchildrentolearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongatanearlyage.Punishmentisnecessarytohelpthemlearnthisdistinction.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?Whatsortofpunishmentshouldparentsandteachersbeallowedtousetoteachgoodbehaviortochildren?Oneimportantstageinachild’sgrowthiscertainlythedevelopmentofaconscience,whichislinkedtotheabilitytotellrightfromwrong.Thisskillcomeswithtimeandgoodparenting,andmyfirmconvictionisthatpunishmentdoesnothavemuchofaroletoplayinthis.ThereforeIhavetodisagreealmostentirelywiththegivenstatement.Tosomeextentthequestiondependsontheageofthechild.Topunishaveryyoungchildisbothwrongandfoolish,asaninfantwillnotunderstandwhatishappeningorwhyheorsheisbeingpunished.Oncetheageofreasonisreachedhowever,achildcanberewardedforgoodbehavioranddiscouragedfrombad.Thiskindbutfirmapproachwillachievemorethanharshpunishments,whichmightentailmanynegativeconsequencesunintendedbytheparents.Tohelpachildlearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,teachersandparentsshouldfirstlyprovidegoodrolemodellingintheirownbehavior.Afterthat,ifsanctionsareneeded,thepunishmentshouldnotbeofaphysicalnature,asthatmerelysendsthemessagethatitisacceptableforlargerpeopletohitsmallerones-anoutcomewhichmaywellresultinthechildstartingtobullyothers.Norshouldthepunishmentbeinanywaycruel.Rather,teachersandparentscanuseavarietyofmethodstodisciplinetheiryoungcharges,suchasdetention,withdrawalofprivileges,andtime-out.Makingthepunishmentfitthecrimeisausefulnotion.Whichwouldseechildrenbeingmadetopickuprubbishtheyhavedropped,cleanupgraffititheyhavedrawn,orapologisetosomeonetheyhavehurt.Inthesewaysresponsibilityisdevelopedinthechild,whichleadstomuchbetterfuturebehaviorthandoespunishment.剑102-1ThetablesbelowgiveinformationaboutsalesofFairtrade-labelledcoffeeandbananasin1999and2004infiveEuropeancountries.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.ThetwotablescontainsalesdateforFairtradecoffeeandbananasin1999and2004,infivenationsofEurope.Thefirstshowslow-levelcoffeesalesincreasinginallfivecountries,albeittowidelyvaryingdegrees.Intwoplacessalesincreasedbythesamesmallamount:1.8-2millioneurosinDenmark,and0.8-1millioninSweden.TheincrementwasslightlylargerinBelgium,from1-1.7millioneuros.Meanwhile,inSwitzerlandsalesdoubledfrom3-6millioneuros.Finally,intheUKtherewasanenormousincrease,from1.5-20millioneuros.Inthesecondtable,itisSwitzerlandwhichstandsoutasbuyingfarmoreFairtradebananasthantheotherfourcountries.Swisssalesfiguresjumpedfrom15-47millioneurosacrossthesefiveyears,whileintheUKandBelgiumsalesonlygrewfrom1-5.5andfrom0.6-4millioneurosrespectively.SwedenandDenmarkshowedadifferentpattern,withfailsinbananasalesfrom1.8-1and2-0.9millioneuros.Comparingthetwotables,itisclearthatin1999Fairtradecoffeesalesrangedfrom0.8-3millioneurosinthesefivecountries,whilebananasalesalsomostlyclusterbetween0.6and2millioneuros,withSwitzerlandtheoutlieratahuge15millioneuros.By2004,salesfiguresforbothproductshadrisenacrosstheboard,exceptforSwedenandDemarkwhichrecordeddropsinbananasales.剑103-2Countriesarebecomingmoreandmoresimilarbecausepeopleareabletobuythesameproductsanywhereintheworld.Doyouthinkthisisapositiveornegativedevelopment?Itissaidthatcountriesarebecomingsimilartoeachotherbecauseoftheglobalspreadofthesameproducts,whicharenowavailableforpurchasealmostanywhere.Istronglybelievethatthismoderndevelopmentislargelydetrimentaltocultureandtraditionsworldwide.Acountry’shistory,languageandethosareallinextricablyboundupinitsmanufacturedartefacts.Iftherelentlessadvanceofinternationalbrandsintoeverycorneroftheworldcontinues,theseblandpackagesmightonedaycompletelyoustthetraditionalobjectsofanation,whichwouldbealossofrichnessanddiversityintheworld,aswellasthesaddisappearanceofthemanifestationsofaplace’scharacter.WhatwouldaJapaneseteaceremonybewithoutitsspeciallycraftedteapot,oraFijiankavaritualwithoutitsbowlmadefromacertaintypeoftreebark?Letusnotforgeteitherthattraditionalproducts,whetherthesebemedicines,cosmetics,toys,clothes,utensilsorfood,provideemploymentforlocalpeople.Thespreadofmultinationalproductscanoftenbringinitswakealossofjobs,aspeopleturntobuyingthenewbrand,perhapsthinkingitmoreglamorousthantheonetheyareusedto.Thiseventuallyputsold-schoolcraftspeopleoutofwork.Finally,tourismnumbersmayalsobeaffected,astravellersbecomedisillusionedwithfindingeveryplacejustthesameastheonetheyvisitedpreviously.Toseethesameproductsinshopstheworldoverisboring,anddoesnotimpelvisitorstoopentheirwalletsinthesamewaythattrinketsorsouvenirsuniquetotheparticularareado.Somemayarguethatallpeopleareentitledtohaveaccesstothesameproducts,butIsaythatlocalobjectssuitlocalconditionsbest,andthatfacelessuniformityworldwideisanunwelcomeanddrearyprospect.剑104-1Thediagramsbelowshowthelifecycleofaspeciesoflargefishcalledthesalmon.Summarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andmakecomparisonswhererelevant.Salmonbeginlifeaseggsonapebblyriverbed,hiddenamongreedsintheslow-movingupperreachesofariver.Afterfivetosixmonthsthe