电动汽车高渗透率的应对策略及换电站的最优规划

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ElectricPowerAutomationEquipmentVol.32No.9Sept.2012329201290,[1]。[2]20153,20kW·h[3],,600MW·h。、[4]。,,[5],。,,。,,,、。[6]V2G(VehicletoGrid)。[7-9]V2G,。[10-11]、,。[12]。[13-14],,,,。,。。3,,,。,,,。1,,3:、V2G。3,,。1.1,。,,。,,,,。、、、[15]。,,,曾正,赵荣祥,杨欢,金磊(浙江大学电气工程学院,浙江杭州310027):针对传统配电网对电动汽车高渗透率的应对方案进行了研究。分析、对比并评价了峰谷电价调节方案、电动汽车和电网之间交互(V2G)方案和换电池方案,结果表明换电池方案具有明显的技术经济优势。同时认为微电网是实现换电站低碳、绿色、高效运行的一种有效方式,提出了一种以运行成本最低为目标,以功率平衡、电池管理、安装容量为约束的微电网型换电站中各分布式电源的最优规划模型。最后,利用一个数值算例验证了所提模型的有效性。:电动汽车;配电网;最优规划模型;LINGO;荷电状态:TM64:A:1006-6047(2012)09-0007-06:2011-07-28;:2012-05-18:国家自然科学基金资助项目(50907060);中国博士后科学基金资助项目(20090451438)ProjectsupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(50907060)andChinaPostdoctoralScienceFoundation(20090451438)32,,,,。,、。,。,,,,。,,。。,,。,。,,。,,,、。1.2V2GV2G,,。,;,。,,。,,。,,,V2G。,、。:,V2G;,,V2G,,V2G;V2G,2,。V2G:,,[10-11];,,,kW·h,,,、;V2G,,,。,,,。,、,。1.3,,。,,SOC(StateOfCharge)。,,,,,,,。,,,。,,。,3,。,:,:9a.,;b.,,,,。,;c.,;d.,,。,3,。,V2G。,。21,。,,,,。,、、,[16],,、,,[17-21],。[22-24]。2.1。,,:minF=1365Ne鄱i=p,w,b(Ii-Si+Mi)+Cg(1),Ne;Cg;Ii、SiMii、;i=p,w,b、。Ii:Ii=qiCi(2),qii,,,;Cii。iSi:Si=qiRi1+β1+γ鄱鄱Ne(3),β;γ;Rii。:Mi=qiHi鄱j=1Ne1+ε1+γ鄱鄱j(4),ε;Hii。:Cg=C鄱tΩWg(t)(5),C;Ω,Ω={t襔Wg(t)0,1≤t≤24};Wg(t)t。2.2,。a.。,,。,1。,t:Ww(t)+Wp(t)+Wb(t)+Wg(t)=Wd(t)+Wv(t)t1Ww(t)+Wp(t)+Wg(t)=Wd(t)+Wv(t)t=≤1(6),Ww(t)、Wp(t)、t,Wb(t)t;Wg(t)0t,Wg(t)0;Wd(t)t;Wv(t)t。,1h,()2。Ww(t):Ww(t)=ηwqwPw(t)(7),ηw;Pw(t)t,,:Pw(t)=0vvciav3-bPnvci≤vvrPnvr≤vvco0vco≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤v(8)a=Pn/(vr-vci)3,b=v3ci/(vr-vci)3,vci=2.5m/s,vr=12.5m/s,vco=20m/s,Pn=4kW/m2(1m2)。,,Wp(t),:Wp(t)=ηpqpS(t)(9),ηp;S(t)t。tWb(t)2:;,。Wb(t):Wb(t)=Wsoc(t)-Wsoc(t-1)t1(10),Wsoc(t)t,1,Wsoc(1)=qb。tTbt(t=1,2,…,24),tλt=1/Tbt,,txtk[25]:P(xt=k)=e-λλktk!(11),Wv(t):Wv(t)=Wv0xt(12),Wv0。1(a)Tbt。Wv0=20kW·h,Wv(t)1(b)。b.。,。,。,1kW·hTc,1/Tc。:Wsoc(t)-Wsoc(t-1)≤qb/Tct1(13),,,。,Qbs。,:Qbs≤Wsoc(t)≤qb(14)c.。,DER(DistributedEnergyResource)。:qp,min≤qp≤qp,max(15),qp,minqp,max。。3。1。Ne=20。,,,2。,β=9%,ε=12%,γ=12%,Qbs=1MW·h,ηw=50%、ηp=12%,Tc=2h,C=0.12$/kW·h。2(a)2(b)、,Homer。,LINGO[26]。:qw=224.26m2、qp=4607.42m2、qb=1608.13kW·h,F=$687.4。,,$590.4。,,,,,,。2(c),,24h,,32DERCiRiHiqi,minqi,max/a450$/m245$/m24.3$/(a·m2)020000m220100$/m210$/m21.25$/(a·m2)050000m225400$/(kW·h)010$/[a·(kW·h)]05MW·h101Tab.lParametersofmicropowersources1Fig.1Loadcharacteristicsofelectricvehicles3020100Tbt/min6121824t/h(a)5000Wv(t)/kW6121824t/h(b)250,:93Fig.3Curveofunbalancedpower,,。,1MW·h,。2(d),,。:Wu(t)=Wp(t)+Ww(t)+Wb(t)+Wg(t)-[Wv(t)+Wd(t)](16)3,。,,,、、。,,、、,[27]。4,。a.3:、V2G。:;,;,、;,,。,3,3。b.。,,、、,,,。,,。c.。、。:[1],,,.[J].,2009,33(4):1-5.ZHANGWenliang,WUBin,LIWufeng,etal.Discussiononde-velopmenttrendofbatteryelectricvehiclesinChinaanditsenergysupplymode[J].PowerSystemTechnology,2009,33(4):1-5.[2].:[EB/OL].[2011-06-11].http:∥auto.163.com/11/0602/14/75I6HJ3500084JU1.html.[3],,.[J].,2011,35(4):1-7.SONGYonghua,HUZechun,YANGYuexi.Presentstatusanddevelopmenttrendofbatteriesforelectricvehicles[J].PowerSystemTechnology,2011,35(4):1-7.[4],.[J].,2011,35(2):127-131.GAOCiwei,ZHANGLiang.Asurveyofinfluenceofelectric2Fig.2Systemvariablesandoptimizationresults80604020Wd/kW6121824t/h(a)0.90/(kW·m-2)6121824t/h(b)************************0.60.31.706-3W/MW6121824t/h(c)3*************0*************Wg,Wv,Wp,Ww,Wb000.8-0.8Wu/W6121824t/h001.00Wsoc/MW6121824t/h(d)1.350vehiclechargingonpowergrid[J].PowerSystemTechnology,2011,35(2):127-131.[5],.[J].,2011,35(1):164-169.RENGuizhou,CHANGSiqin.Ahigh-efficiencyregenerativebrakingforelectricvehicles[J].PowerSystemTechnology,2011,35(1):164-169.[6]GUILLEC,GROSSG.AconceptualframeworkfortheVehicle-to-Grid(V2G)implementation[J].EnergyPolicy,2009,37(11):4379-4390.[7]MITRAP,VENAYAGAMOORTHYGK.Wideareacontrolforimprovingstabilityofapowersystemwithplug-inelectricvehi-cles[J].IETGeneration,Transmission&Distribution,2010,4(10):1151-1163.[8]TOMIJ,KEMPTONW.Usingfleetsofelectric-drivevehiclesforgridsupport[J].JournalofPowerSources,2007,168(2):459-468.[9]KEMPTONW,TOMIJ.Vehicle-to-gridpowerimplementation:fromstabilizingthegridtosupportinglarge-scalerenewableenergy[J].JournalofPowerSources,2005,144(1):280-294.[10]CLEMENT-NYNSK,HAESENE,DRIESENJ.Theimpactofchargingplug-inhybridelectricvehiclesonaresidentialdis-tributiongrid[J].IEEETransactionsonPowerSystems,2010,25(1):371-380.[11]GALUSMD,KOCHS,ANDERSSONG.Provisionofloadfre-quencycontrolbyPHEVs,controllableloads,andacogenerationunit[J].IEEETransactionsonIndustrialElectronics,2011,58(10):4568-4582.[12]HANSekyung,HANSoohee,SEZAKIK.Developmentofanop-timalvehicle-to-gridaggregatorforfrequencyregulation[J].IEEETransactionsonSmartGrid,2010,1(1):65-72.[13]SABERAY,VENAYAGAMOORTHYGK.Plug-invehiclesandrenewableenergysourcesforcostandemissionreductions[J].IEEETransactionsonIndustrialElectronics,2011,58(4):1229-1238.[14]SABERAY,VENAYAGAMOORTHYGK.Intelligentunitcom-mitmentwithvehicle-to-grid-acost-emissionoptimization[J].JournalofPowerSources,2010,195(3):898-911.[15],,,.[J].,2011,35(14):36-42.LUOZhuowei,HUZechun,SONGYonghua,etal.Studyonplug-inelectricvehicleschargingloadcalculating[J].Automa-tionofElectricPowerSystems,2011,35(14):36-42.[16].[EB/OL].[20

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